Apush Unit 4 Study Guide 576z1b

Unit 4 Study Guide The Jeffersonian Era Major changes: ● Rise of education due to Republican ideals for an educated citizenry ○ Increased efforts to “educate” Indians (“noble savages”) ● Strengthening of the medical community as physicians started displacing midwives, narrowing opportunities for women and restricting access to childbirth care for poor mothers ● Growth of a distinct American culture that differed from European influences ○ Noah Webster—advocated for the American schoolboy to be educated as a nationalist ○ Washington Irving—widely acknowledged leader of American literary life ● Revivalism—the Second Great Awakening ○ Deism (God is real, but isolated from humans) ○ Spread of idea that religious salvation could be achieved through repudiation of skeptical rationalism and through faith/good works ○ Opened up opportunities of importance for women as women converts outnumber males ○ Handsome Lake—revivalism of native American religions ● Growth of technology allowed for industrialization through an efficient transportation network ○ Cotton gin (Eli Whitney, 1793)—allowed for heavily increased profitability of cotton in the South, firmly planted the slave system, and provided much profit for the national economy ○ Interchangeable parts—contributed to the development of mass manufacturing of machine tools ○ Development of the steamboat and turnpikes ● Jefferson persuaded Congress to abolish all internal taxes, while Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin reduced government spending ○ istration was able to cut the national debt almost in half ● Scaled down the armed forces (national army) by almost half ● Rise of the judiciary branch as a coequal branch of the gov. (Marshall’s decisions, Marbury v. Madison) ● Doubling of American land through the Louisiana Purchase ● Exploration of the West (Lewis and Clark, Zebulon Pike) ● Exploitation of Indian treaties and westward expansion ○ Jeffy appoint William Henry Harrison to ister the solution to the “Indian problem” (an ultimatum between assimilation or relocation) ○ Led to Indian resistance in coalition with the British before the War of 1812 ● Proliferation of Federalist secessionist opposition (Hartford Convention of 1814 during Madison’s presidency) Continuities: ● Native Americans/African Americans still remained at the bottom of the social hierarchy ● America remained an overwhelmingly rural/agrarian nation, nation’s top cities still couldn’t compare with England’s big cities ● National debt still remained present after Jefferson’s actions ● Two-party system still remained (Federalists vs. Republicans) Jefferson: a true Republican, or a charlatan? ● Attempted to cut down government spending and was able to cut down the national debt, but national debt still remained prominent ● Armed forces were scaled down, but were built back up for the First Barbary War with Tripoli

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Louisiana Purchase—not explicitly stated in the Constitution that the president had the authority to acquire new territory under the nation, while Republican ideals stated that the Constitution be read as literally as possible

The War of 1812 Causes: ● Desire for Florida (owned by the Spanish [allies with Britain]; a war with Britain could be used as an excuse for a war over Florida) ● British impressment often abducted true Americans as “deserters” (Chesapeake-Leopard incident) ● French/British war—US chose to favor because of Britain’s impressment policies ● After Chesapeake-Leopard incident, British began to expect a US invasion of Canada and thus discreetly supplied the Indians with supplies to resist the US ● War fever in America (Henry Clay and John Calhoun) pressured gov. to declare war Effects: ● Decline of the Federalist Party after peace negotiations ● Increased westward expansion as Indian tribes were unable to resist ● “Era of Good Feelings”—end of the two party system, increased nationalism ● Population growth and the “great migration” west ● New efforts to strengthen national economic development because the war produced chaos in shipping/banking (large number of states had issued vast quantities of banknotes, creating a confusing variety of currency) ● Congress also promoted manufacturing, which had been greatly stimulated by the war ○ Tariff of 1816—limited competition from abroad on a wide range of items The Era of Good Feelings Truth: ● One-party system after fall of the Federalists ● Growth in the gov./economy (Second Bank of the US, promotion of domestic manufacturing [Tariff of 1816-limited foreign competition]) ● Rapid expansion of internal improvements in technology (steam-powered ships, National Road) ● Dramatic surge in the westward expansion of white Americans ● Succeeded in gaining Florida from the Spanish after the Seminole War ● Growing nationalist views ● Monroe Doctrine (1823)—established the idea of the US as the dominant power in the Western Hemisphere ● John Marshall’s decisions—molded the development of the Constitution, strengthened the Supreme Court, increased the power of the federal gov., and advanced the interests of the propertied and commercial classes ○ Fletcher v. Peck (1810): Marshall held that a land grant was a valid contract and could not be repealed even if corruption was involved ○ Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819): expanded meaning of the contract clause of the Constitution (placed restrictions on ability of state gov. to control corporations) ○ Cohens v. Virginia (1821): Marshall explicitly affirmed the constitutionality of federal review ○ McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): confirmed the “implied powers” of Congress by upholding the constitutionality of the Bank of the US (Banks are necessary and proper to the US) ○ Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): strengthened Congress’ power to regulate interstate commerce (promoted domestic manufacturing by getting rid of the monopoly)

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Johnson v. McIntosh (1823) and Worcester v. Georgia (1832): Marshall defined a place for Indian tribes within the American political system and gave them rights of property outside of the state governments

Divisions in the government still remained (internal improvements bill by Calhoun was vetoed by Madison) Transportation network still remained disconnected Sectionalism grew ○ The Missouri Compromise: when Missouri was itted to the Union as a state in 1819, slavery was already well established there; however, Rep. James Tallmadge Jr. of NY proposed an amendment that there should be a prohibition on further introduction of slaves into Missouri ○ Previously, there had been eleven free states and eleven slave states, but the ission of Missouri would upset that balance ○ Maine was also getting accepted as a new (and free) state ○ Thomas Amendment (Missouri is a slave state, but the rest of the territory north of the southern border of Missouri would be free)—guided with great difficulty by Speaker Clay through the House ○ In 1828, Adams got the NE votes, but Jackson got the South and the West Panic of 1819—demonstrates the fragile state of the economy—six years of depression followed As whites expanded further west, Indians were rapidly being supplanted The “Corrupt Bargain”—John Quincy Adams’ “corrupt” election, re-emergence of two-party politics

The Age of Jackson Changes: ● Transformed politics in that Jackson extended the right to vote to a new groups other than white landowning males (expanding democracy) ● By 1828, electors were chosen by popular vote in every state except S. Carolina ● Extension of voting rights to nearly all whites contributed to growing white supremacy ideals ● Return of the two-party system (Democrats [Jackson] vs. the Whigs [anti-Jackson]) ○ Jackson extended opportunities to the rising classes of the West and the South rather than keep it just in the eastern aristocracy ● Came up with the spoils system ● Presidential candidates were now nominated by a national party convention by the people rather than nominated by the congressional caucus (expansion of democracy to the “common” man) ● Attitudes towards Indians—many whites came to view them as “savages” who should be removed from all lands east of the Mississippi ○ Black Hawk War (1831-1832) ○ Trail of Tears (1838) ● Jackson despised the national bank and wanted to see it destroyed—weakened the national bank severely by removing federal gov. deposits from it, forcing Biddle to call in loans and raising interest rates, causing a recession—Bank of the US died in 1836 and the country was left with an unstable and fragmented banking system that would affect the economy for years ● Roger B. Taney’s appointment as the new chief justice of the Supreme Court after Marshall died; Taney’s decisions fostered economic growth rather than constitutionality of contracts ○ Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)—got rid of monopolies

Unit 4 Study Guide Continuities ● Distribution of wealth/property in America remained fairly the same from before and after Jackson’s presidency ● Democracy still only applied to whites—blacks and women still could not vote ○ Tocqueville (Democracy in America) wrote about how traditional aristocracies were falling and new elites could rise/fall regardless of background, but it was limited to the white man ● Idea of nullification from Jefferson came up again with John C. Calhoun ○ The nullification crisis: S. Carolina responded angrily to a congressional tariff bill in 1832 that offered them no relief from the 1828 tariff of abominations ○ S. Carolina held a state convention and voted to nullify the tariffs of 1828/1832, but Jackson insisted that nullification was treason ■ Jackson proposes force bill in 1833 that would authorize the president to use military force to see that acts of Congress was obeyed ■ Henry Clay’s compromise of 1833: tariff would gradually be lowered over the years ○ Webster-Hayne debate (1830) ● Native Americans were still viewed as “inferior” and white settlement westward continued to grow ● Changes in political propaganda: both Democrats/Whigs tried to win elections rather than sticking to their political philosophy ○ Anti-Mason Party: Whigs used the Anti-Mason frenzy to depict Democrats as antidemocratic conspiracists ○ William Henry Harrison and his Log Cabin Campaign ○ Political candidates began to target the “common man” rather than elite aristocrats in order to pull in votes Democrats vs. Whigs Democrats: ● Believed that the federal gov. should be limited in power, except to eliminate social/economic arrangements that stifled opportunity and fostered privilege ● More likely than Whigs to territorial expansion, which would widen opportunities for aspiring Americans ○ Locofocos: most radical of the party The Whiggery ● Favored the expansion of federal power/industrial and commercial development ● Cautious about westward expansion, fearful that it would create instability ● Tended to favor entrepreneurs and institutions that most effectively promoted economic growth The Market Revolution Causes: ● Effects: ● Vocab/significant people: 1. Robert Livingston 2. Aaron Burr (conspiracy) 3. Essex Junto

Unit 4 Study Guide 4. Marbury v. Madison 5. First Barbary War (with Tripoli) 6. impressment (Chesapeake-Leopard incident) 7. Embargo of 1807 8. Tecumseh 9. Battle of Tippecanoe/Battle of the Thames 10. William Henry Harrison 11. The Hartford Convention 12. Treaty of Ghent 13. Henry Clay 14. John C. Calhoun 15. James Monroe 16. John Quincy Adams 17. the spoils system 18. nullification crisis (1832-1833), force bill and compromise (1833) 19. Webster-Hayne debate 20. Black Hawk War (1831-1832)