Glicerina Dow 3w5p58

DISCOVER THE

ORIGINS OF SOME OF THE WORLD’S MOST CONSISTENTLY PURE PRODUCTS ... SYNTHETIC GLYCERINE PRODUCTS

...FREEPORT, TEXAS AND STADE, THE SOURCES OF SYNTHETIC GLYCERINE FROM THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY

Physical Properties ........................................................ 12 Density and Specific Gravity ..................................13 Dielectric Constant .................................................. 16 Freezing Point ..........................................................16 Heat of Solution .......................................................17 Specific Heat ............................................................18 Heat of Vaporization ................................................18 Refractive Index .......................................................20 Thermal Conductivity .............................................21 Thermal and Cubical Expansion ............................22 Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point .......................... 23 Viscosity ...................................................................24 Solubility ...................................................................26 Safety and Handling .......................................................28 Eyes .......................................................................... 28 Skin ...........................................................................28

TABLE OF CONTENTS The Clear, Consistent Way to Enhance Your Applications .............................................................. 2 Foods ....................................................................... 3

Inhalation ..................................................................28 Drums .....................................................................28 Biodegradation Data ...............................................28 General Storage Considerations ...................................29 Bulk Storage ............................................................29 Supercooling .....................................................29 Materials of Construction ................................ 29 Design and Fabrication ...................................29 Tank Installation ...............................................29 Required Accessories ..............................................30 Level Indicator .................................................. 30 Pressure-Vacuum Relief Valves .......................30 Nitrogen Pad-Depad System ...........................30 Air Dryer System .............................................31 Tank Heater ......................................................31 Pipe Design Criteria ................................................31 Piping .................................................................31 Pumps ................................................................31 Flowmeters .......................................................31 Filters .................................................................31 Hoses .................................................................31 Gaskets .............................................................. 31 Valves .................................................................31 Product Stewardship ......................................................32 Responsible Care® ...................................................32

Nutritional Information ...................................... 3 Caloric Value ................................................ 3 Equivalence to Carbohydrates ...................4 Cholesterol Content .................................... 4 Food Additive Status ................................... 4 Kosher Options .................................................. 5 Pharmaceuticals ........................................................ 6 Dental Applications ............................................ 7 Other Pharmaceutical Products that Rely on Glycerine ....................................... 7 Personal Care .............................................................8 Alkyd Resins .............................................................. 8 Explosives .................................................................. 8 Polyether Polyols for Urethanes .............................. 9 Other Applications ..................................................... 9 Why Dow Synthetic Glycerine Products Are the Best Choices For Your Application ........................10 Consistent Quality and Purity ................................ 10 UV Spectroscopy .............................................. 10 The Dow Chemical Company – A Supplier You Can Count On ................................ 11 Technical Service and .......................11 Extensive Distribution Network and Comprehensive Sales ........................11

Customer Notice ......................................................32 For More Information .............................................32 Responsible Care® is a ed service mark of the Chemical Manufacturers Association.

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SYNTHETIC GLYCERINE PRODUCTS FROM THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY

From adhesives to glass, toothpaste to textiles and foods to pharmaceuticals – Dow Synthetic Glycerine products(1) are some of the

THE CLEAR, CONSISTENT WAY TO ENHANCE YOUR APPLICATIONS OPTIM* GLYCERINE 99.7% USP DOW GLYCERINE 99.5% USP/EP DOW GLYCERINE 96% USP

most versatile products available. This is due to the unique combination of physical properties such as humectancy, high viscosity, and solvency; and chemical properties glycerine possesses. These properties lead to the purity, consistency and reliability of Dow Synthetic Glycerine products. Advantages you can use to make your products smoother, fresher, moister, richer or just plain better.

*Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company. (1)

Dow Glycerine 96% USP is produced by adding 4% water to OPTIM Glycerine 99.7% USP. Dow Glycerine 96% USP is made for customers who desire a less viscous glycerine product, but do not mind having water present. OPTIM Glycerine 99.7% USP has a minimum assay of 99.7%, while Dow Glycerine 99.5% USP/EP has a minimum assay of 99.5%.

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FOODS Dow Synthetic Glycerine products play an important role throughout the food and beverage industries. Their unique properties enable them to improve foods and beverages by acting as: • Humectants • Sweeteners (glycerine is about 75% as sweet as sucrose) • Solvents for food flavorings and colorings • Emulsifiers in food preparation – especially baked goods • Smoothing agents • Heat transfer mediums for frozen foods • Additives to reduce water activity

The consistent sweet taste and low odor attributes of Dow Synthetic Glycerine products give food manufacturers an ingredient that improves the quality of products in a variety of ways. For example, Dow Synthetic Glycerine products have been successfully used to add humectancy to dried fruits, reduce water activity in cookies and snack fillings, and to make gum more chewable.

NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION Caloric Value – Glycerine is an energy-yielding food ingredient that is readily absorbed and metabolized in the human body. When oxidized to CO2 and water, glycerine yields 4.32 Calories per gram. Aside from

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furnishing energy by contributing to the general pool of oxidizable organic compounds, it plays no special role in nutrition. Equivalence to Carbohydrates – Although glycerine is not a carbohydrate, studies have shown that glycerine is equivalent to carbohydrates in of how the body metabolizes it. These studies evaluated glycerine based on four metabolic criteria: • Glycogenesis • Antiketogenesis • Glycemia • Protection against insulin shock Cholesterol Content – Because Dow Glycerine products are manufactured synthetically, they contain no cholesterol. In addition, none of the raw materials and processing ingredients in the manufacture of these products contain cholesterol, vegetable-based ingredients or animal-based ingredients. Food Additive Status – OPTIM Glycerine 99.7% USP, Dow Glycerine 99.5% USP/EP and Dow Glycerine 96% USP comply with the compendial specifications in the Food Chemicals Codex (FCC), the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) and the European Pharmacopoeia (EP). All three products comply with the Food Additive Regulations listed in Table 1 (on page 5). These products are Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) as multiple purpose food substances. Uses are subject to good manufacturing practices and any limitations that are part of the regulations. In addition to indirect food additive regulations where glycerine is mentioned specifically, Dow Glycerine products may be used under regulations including optional ingredients – substances generally recognized as safe for use in food and/or packaging.

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Table 1 – Food Additive Status for Dow Glycerine Products Regulation Number (21 CFR) 182.1320 135.110 (a) (1) 135.120 (a) 135.130 (a) (1) 135.140 (a) (1) 135.160 (a) 165.175 (a) 169.175 (a) (1) 169.176 (a) 169.177 (a) 169.178 (a) 169.180 (a) 169.181 (a) 172.852 (a) 175.105 (c) (5) 175.300 (b) (3) (vii) (c) 176.210 (d) (2) 178.3120 (d) (1) 182.90 582.1320

Title Multiple purpose GRAS food substance Ice cream and frozen custard Safe and suitable optional ingredient Ice milk Cross-reference to 135.110 Mellorine Safe and suitable optional ingredient Sherbet Safe and suitable optional ingredient Water ices Cross-reference to 135.160 Soda water Safe and suitable ingredient Vanilla extract Glycerine Concentrated vanilla extract Cross-reference to 169.175 Vanilla flavoring Cross-reference to 169.175 Concentrated vanilla flavoring Cross-reference to 169.177 Vanilla-vanillin extract Cross-reference to 169.175 Vanilla-vanillin flavoring Cross-reference to 169.180 Glyceryl-lacto esters of fatty acids Raw material (reactant) Adhesives Modifier for wood, gum, tall oil rosins, rosin dimers, decarboxylated rosin and disproportionated rosin Resinous and polymeric coatings Raw material (reactant) Defoaming agents used in the manufacture of paper and paperboard and mono- and di-glycerides Animal glue GRAS substances Substances migrating to food from paper and paperboard products. GRAS General purpose GRAS animal food additive

The information in Table 1 is for use as a general guideline. The actual regulations should be consulted for complete details. Kosher Options – Dow Glycerine products are also available in Kosher grades.

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PHARMACEUTICALS Pharmaceutical applications can benefit greatly from the high quality, purity, low odor, consistent sweet taste and practically non-toxic nature of Dow Synthetic Glycerine prod-ucts. These products are Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the Food & Drug istration (FDA) and meet the requirements of The National Formulary (NF). OPTIM Glycerine 99.7% USP, Dow Glycerine 99.5% USP/EP and Dow Glycerine 96% USP meet the requirements of the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) and the European Pharmacopoeia (EP). Glycerine’s main use in pharmaceutical applications is as an excipient or inactive ingredient in internal and external formulations. Its excellent solvency also allows it to be used as a carrier. The sweet, warm taste and high viscosity of glycerine also make it an ideal viscosity and flavor enhancer in medical lozenges and syrups. One of the best known pharmaceutical uses of glycerine is as a derivative of nitroglycerine. In the treatment of angina pectoris, nitro-glycerine acts as a vasodilator to relieve the pain that accompanies angina attacks. Other glycerine derivatives are used in tranquilizers and as expectorants in asthma therapy.

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Dental Applications Dow Synthetic Glycerine products are used in the field of dentistry as solvents or suspending media for medicinal agents such as antiseptics, oral medications, root canal pastes, polishing compounds, disclosing solutions, mouth washes and stannous fluoride solutions. Glycerine serves as a vehicle for these agents when used locally in and around the mouth, where it acts as a protective film for the skin and mucous membranes. It also lends body, smoothness and palatability to many dental formulations, and contributes to the efficacy of these medicines. Additional dental applications for glycerine include its use in dental impression wax and denture casting materials. Other Pharmaceutical Products That Rely on Glycerine • Eyewashes • Contraceptive jellies and creams • Ear drops • Poison ivy solutions • Vehicle and solvent for digitalis and intra-muscular injection • Sclerosing solutions for treatment of varicose veins and hemorrhoids • Suppositories • Gel capsules

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PERSONAL CARE Dow Synthetic Glycerine products are some of the most valuable ingredients and perhaps the most basic raw materials found within the personal care realm. Following are four characteristics that make these products popular ingredients in personal care applications: • These products serve as efficient humectants or hygroscopic agents in emollient products. • Glycerine is an outstanding solvent and a good vehicle for many substrates – its viscosity provides body and the ability to suspend many insoluble materials in liquid preparations. • Glycerine has excellent lubricating properties and imparts a desirable smoothness to many products. • Its antifreeze properties are important to providing winter shelf life. One of the most important uses for Dow Synthetic Glycerine products in personal care is in toothpaste applications. Glycerine is the basic medium in which the toothpaste is formulated, and it is responsible for keeping the paste at the desired smoothness and viscosity.

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Because of its consistently high purity, synthetic glycerine is the preferred choice for many of the newer toothpaste formulations containing baking soda and hydrogen peroxide.

ALKYD RESINS These products can be used as a reactive polyol in many alkyd resin formulations – primarily in surface and architectural coatings. Alkyds can be blended with a variety of resins and cellulose esters, and have good specific adhesion to metals.

EXPLOSIVES Dow Synthetic Glycerine products are used as components in the manufacture of explosive compounds, propellants for military and industrial applications, and in binders for the production of solid rocket fuel. Explosives applications require tight tolerances in of purity and consistency. Dow’s synthetic glycerine products can meet these demanding requirements. (NOTE: glycerine by itself is not an explosive material.)

POLYETHER POLYOLS FOR URETHANES Dow Synthetic Glycerine is also used in the production of polyether polyols, which react with isocyanates to form polyurethane for construction, furniture, automobiles and other end-use applications.

OTHER APPLICATIONS Other uses for Dow Synthetic Glycerine products include: • Agricultural uses • Adhesives and pastes • Leather • Photography • Textiles • Ink • Rubber • Wood • Cork gaskets and sealers • Air conditioning and refrigeration • Podiatry and chiropody • Electrical materials • Glass and ceramics • Metals • Laboratory uses • Fabric softener

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CONSISTENT QUALITY AND PURITY

WHY

DOW SYNTHETIC GLYCERINE PRODUCTS ARE THE BEST CHOICES FOR YOUR APPLICATION

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At Dow, synthetic glycerine is a primary product, which has been produced for customer applications for over 30 years. An extremely high level of purity is achieved with Dow’s process through carefully monitored reaction and purification steps, and the use of consistent and uniform raw materials. Furthermore, all of the major raw materials are manufactured by Dow. This means that Dow Synthetic Glycerine products have a high degree of quality and reproducibility, which is consistent with each and every lot we manufacture. In contrast, natural glycerine is usually produced as a by-product of oleochemical processes such as soap, fatty acid and fatty alcohol production. The raw materials used in the manufacture of these natural products can include animal fats such as beef tallow, and vegetable oils such as coconut, palm kernel, cottonseed, and soybean. UV Spectroscopy As an added measure of quality assurance, Dow performs state-ofthe-art UV (Ultraviolet) spectroscopy analyses on all its glycerine products. This analysis detects the presence of impurities that other tests can’t pick up. Here’s how … UV scans indicate that Dow Synthetic Glycerine products are virtually free of organic compounds such as esters, ketones and aldehydes. High purity synthetic glycerine transmits nearly 100 percent of the UV light and serves as an indication of consistent purity. See Figure 1.

some of the best minds in the industry – can respond quickly to your questions about product quality, product characteristics and handling and storage issues. In addition, Dow’s Quality Assurance Groups maintain rigorous Statistical Process Control and Statistical Quality Control (SPC/SQC) systems to ensure the highest standards in the industr y.

Why Dow’s UV Spectroscopy is Important to the Quality of Your Products Since different substances absorb different wavelengths of light, a UV spectrophotometer can detect certain impurities in glycerine. Substances such as conjugated hydrocarbons, carbonyl compounds and aromatic compounds intensely absorb UV light. These impurities can alter the taste and odor of glycerine.

THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY – A SUPPLIER YOU CAN COUNT ON Technical Ser vice and Dow’s Technical Service & Development (TS&D) personnel are ready to put their extensive experience and product knowledge to work for you. Our TS&D staff –

Extensive Distribution Network and Comprehensive Sales Dow has a network of distributors who are prepared to deliver Dow Glycerine products anywhere – and on time. Dow also has sales offices worldwide to ser ve your needs. For sales office information call 1-800-441-4DOW(4369). For Dow sales office information in Europe call 41-1-728-2111.

Figure 1 – Typical UV Spectra 100 OPTIM Glycerine 99.7% USP

Percent T

Glycerine Samples with Impurities

0 200

350 Wavelength, nm

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Glycerine is a liquid at room temperature. It is viscous, stable, hygroscopic, clear, odorless, noncorrosive, sweet tasting, ver y low in toxicity and is classified by the Food and Drug istration as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS). Glycerine prevents freezing and promotes long shelf life. The chemical structure of glycerine is shown in Figure 2. The physical properties of OPTIM Glycerine 99.7% USP, Dow Glycerine 99.5% USP/EP and Dow Glycerine 96% USP are provided in Table 2.

PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES Table 2 – Physical Properties(1) of OPTIM Glycerine 99.7% USP, Dow Glycerine 99.5% USP/EP and Dow Glycerine 96% USP Property

OPTIM Glycerine 99.7% USP

Dow Glycerine 99.5% USP/EP

Dow Glycerine 96% USP

Appearance Boiling point (760 mm) Chemical name

Colorless, viscous liquid 290° C (554°F) Glycerol or 1,2,3propanetriol Glycerin

Colorless, viscous liquid 290° C (554°F) Glycerol or 1,2,3propanetriol Glycerin

Colorless, viscous liquid 175° C (347°F) Glycerol or 1,2,3propanetriol Glycerin

1.25802 10.50 41.14 at 2x106 Hz C3H8O3

1.25802 10.50 Not Applicable C3H8O3

1.24770 10.42 Not available Not applicable

195.5° C (384°F) 17°C (62.6°F) 0.62 159.8 47.5 21,060 92.09 g/mol Odorless 1.47399

195.5° C (384°F) 17°C (62.6°F) 0.62 159.8 47.5 21,060 92.09 g/mol Odorless 1.47399

>198.8°C (>390°F) 8° C (46.4° F) Not available Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Odorless 1.46752

Immiscible Immiscible Miscible Immiscible Immiscible Miscible Miscible 1.26201 63.0 Sweet

Immiscible Immiscible Miscible Immiscible Immiscible Miscible Miscible 1.26201 63.0 Sweet

Immiscible Immiscible Miscible Immiscible Immiscible Miscible Miscible 1.25170 Not available Sweet

0.0025 0.195 1410

0.0025 0.195 1410

Not available Not available 624

Common name Density g/cm3, 25° C lb/gal, 25° C Dielectric constant, 20°C Empirical formula Flash point, PMCC (Pensky Martens Closed Cup) Freezing point Heat capacity, 25° C, cal/gm, 25° C Heat of formation, kcal/mol, 25°C Heat of fusion, cal/gm Heat of vaporization, cal/mol, 55° C Molecular weight Odor Refractive index, 20°C Solubility, 25°C Benzene Chloroform Ethyl alcohol Ethyl ether n-Heptane Isopropanol Water Specific gravity, 25/25° C Surface tension, Dynes/cm, 20° C Taste Vapor pressure, mm Hg(2) 50° C 100°C Viscosity, , mPa s, 20°C (1)

These are typical values only, and are not to be regarded as sales specifications; s are advised to confirm for their operations. 1 mm Hg = 0.1333 kPa

(2)

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DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Table 3 – Specific Gravity of Glycerine-Water Solutions

Measurement of specific gravity is a common means of determining the glycerine content of refined glycerine. See Table 3. The density of glycerine solutions at various concentrations and temperatures can be calculated from specific gravity data. See Table 4 on page 15. (69 to 212°F).

(%)

15/15°C 15.5/15.5° C 20/20°C 25/25°C

15/15°C 15.5/15.5°C 20/20° C 25/25°C

100 99 98 97 96

1.26557 1.26300 1.26045 1.25785 1.25525

1.26532 1.26275 1.26020 1.25760 1.25500

1.26362 1.26105 1.25845 1.25585 1.25330

1.26201 1.25945 1.25685 1.25425 1.25165

1.26526 1.26270 1.26010 1.25755 1.25495

1.26501 1.26245 1.25985 1.25730 1.25470

1.26331 1.26075 1.25815 1.25555 1.25300

1.26170 1.25910 1.25655 1.25395 1.25140

95 94 93 92 91

1.25270 1.25005 1.24740 1.24475 1.24210

1.25245 1.24980 1.24715 1.24450 1.24185

1.25075 1.24810 1.24545 1.24280 1.24020

1.24910 1.24645 1.24380 1.24115 1.23850

1.25240 1.24975 1.24710 1.24445 1.24185

1.25215 1.24950 1.24685 1.24420 1.24155

1.25045 1.24780 1.24515 1.24250 1.23985

1.24880 1.24615 1.24350 1.24085 1.23825

90 89 88 87 86

1.23950 1.23680 1.23415 1.23150 1.22885

1.23920 1.23655 1.23390 1.23120 1.22855

1.23755 1.23490 1.23220 1.22955 1.22690

1.23585 1.23320 1.23055 1.22790 1.22520

1.23920 1.23655 1.23390 1.23125 1.22860

1.23895 1.23625 1.23360 1.23095 1.22830

1.23725 1.23460 1.23195 1.22930 1.22660

1.23500 1.23295 1.23025 1.22760 1.22495

85 84 83 82 81

1.22620 1.22355 1.22090 1.21820 1.21555

1.22590 1.22325 1.22055 1.21790 1.21525

1.22420 1.22155 1.21890 1.21620 1.21355

1.22255 1.21990 1.21720 1.21455 1.21190

1.22595 1.22330 1.22060 1.21795 1.21530

1.22565 1.22300 1.22030 1.21765 1.21500

1.22395 1.22130 1.21865 1.21595 1.21330

1.22230 1.21965 1.21695 1.21430 1.21165

80 79 78 77 76

1.21290 1.21015 1.20740 1.20465 1.20190

1.21260 1.20985 1.20710 1.20440 1.20165

1.21090 1.20815 1.20540 1.20270 1.19995

1.20925 1.20655 1.20380 1.20110 1.19840

1.21265

1.21235

1.21065

1.20900

75 74 73 72 71

1.19915 1.19640 1.19365 1.19090 1.18815

1.19890 1.19615 1.19340 1.19070 1.8795

1.19720 1.19450 1.19175 1.18900 1.18630

1.19565 1.19295 1.19025 1.18755 1.18480

1.19890

1.19865

1.19700

1.19540

70 69 68 67 66

1.18540 1.18260 1.17985 1.17705 1.17430

1.18520 1.18240 1.17965 1.17685 1.17410

1.18355 1.18080 1.17805 1.17530 1.17255

1.18210 1.17935 1.17660 1.17385 1.17110

1.18515

1.18495

1.18330

1.18185

65 64 63 62 61

1.17155 1.16875 1.16600 1.16320 1.16045

1.17130 1.16855 1.16575 1.16300 1.16020

1.16980 1.16705 1.16430 1.16155 1.15875

1.16835 1.16560 1.16285 1.16010 1.15735

1.17135

1.17110

1.16960

1.16815

60 59 58 57 56

1.15770 1.15490 1.15210 1.14935 1.14655

1.15745 1.15465 1.15190 1.14910 1.14635

1.15605 1.15325 1.15050 1.14775 1.14500

1.15460 1.15185 1.14915 1.14640 1.14365

1.15750

1.15725

1.15585

1.15445

55 54 53 52 51

1.14375 1.14100 1.13820 1.13540 1.13265

1.14355 1.14080 1.13800 1.13525 1.13245

1.14220 1.13945 1.13670 1.13395 1.13120

1.14090 1.13815 1.13540 1.13265 1.12995

1.14360

1.14340

1.14205

1.14075

Figure 2 – Chemical Structure of Glycerine

CH 2 | OH

CH | OH

CH 2 | OH

Glycerine

Apparent Specific Gravity

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True Specific Gravity

Table 3 – continued Glycerine

Apparent Specific Gravity

True Specific Gravity

(%)

15/15°C 15.5/15.5°C 20/20°C 25/25°C

15/15°C 15.5/15.5° C 20/20°C 25/25°C

50 49 48 47 46

1.12985 1.12710 1.12440 1.12165 1.11890

1.12970 1.12695 1.12425 1.12150 1.11880

1.12845 1.12570 1.12300 1.12030 1.11760

1.12720 1.12450 1.12185 1.11915 1.11650

1.12970

1.12955

1.12830

1.12705

45 44 43 42 41

1.11620 1.11345 1.11075 1.10800 1.10525

1.11605 1.11335 1.11060 1.10790 1.10515

1.11490 1.11220 1.10950 1.10680 1.10410

1.11380 1.11115 1.10845 1.10575 1.10310

1.11605

1.11595

1.11475

1.11365

40 39 38 37 36

1.10255 1.09985 1.09715 1.09445 1.09175

1.10245 1.09975 1.09705 1.09435 1.09165

1.10135 1.09870 1.09605 1.09335 1.09070

1.10040 1.09775 1.09510 1.09245 1.08980

1.10240

1.10235

1.10125

1.10030

35 34 33 32 31

1.08905 1.08635 1.08365 1.08100 1.07830

1.08895 1.08625 1.08355 1.08085 1.07815

1.08805 1.08535 1.08270 1.08005 1.07735

1.08715 1.08455 1.08190 1.07925 1.07660

1.08895

1.08885

1.08790

1.08705

30 29 28 27 26

1.07560 1.07295 1.07035 1.06770 1.06510

1.07545 1.07285 1.07025 1.06760 1.06500

1.07470 1.07210 1.06950 1.06690 1.06435

1.07395 1.07135 1.06880 1.06625 1.06370

1.07550

1.07535

1.07460

1.07385

25 24 23 22 21

1.06250 1.05985 1.05725 1.05460 1.05200

1.06240 1.05980 1.05715 1.05455 1.05195

1.06175 1.05915 1.05655 1.05400 1.05140

1.06115 1.05860 1.05605 1.05350 1.05095

1.06240

1.06230

1.06165

1.06110

20 19 18 17 16

1.04935 1.04685 1.04435 1.04180 1.03930

1.04935 1.04680 1.04430 1.04180 1.03925

1.04880 1.04630 1.04380 1.04135 1.03885

1.04840 1.04590 1.04345 1.04100 1.03850

1.04930

1.04925

1.04875

1.04830

15 14 13 12 11

1.03675 1.03425 1.03175 1.02920 1.02670

1.03675 1.03420 1.03170 1.02920 1.02665

1.03635 1.03390 1.03140 1.02890 1.02640

1.03605 1.03360 1.03110 1.02865 1.02620

1.03670

1.03670

1.03630

1.03600

10 9 8 7 6

1.02415 1.02175 1.01935 1.01690 1.01450

1.02415 1.02175 1.01930 1.01690 1.01450

1.02395 1.02155 1.01915 1.01675 1.01435

1.02370 1.02135 1.01900 1.01660 1.01425

1.02415

1.02410

1.02390

1.02370

5 4 3 2 1

1.01210 1.00965 1.00725 1.00485 1.00240

1.01205 1.00965 1.00725 1.00485 1.00240

1.01195 1.00955 1.00720 1.00480 1.00240

1.01185 1.00950 1.00710 1.00475 1.00235

1.01205

1.01205

1.01195

1.01185

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Table 4 – Density of Glycerine-Water Solutions Glycerine (%)

Density (g/cm3) 20° C 25° C

Density (g/cm3) 20° C 25° C

30° C

Glycerine (%)

15° C

15.5° C

1.25802 1.25545 1.25290 1.25030 1.24770

1.25495 1.25235 1.24975 1.24710 1.24450

50 49 48 47 46

1.12870 1.12600 1.12325 1.12055 1.11780

1.12845 1.12575 1.12305 1.12030 1.11760

1.12630 1.12360 1.12090 1.11820 1.11550

1.12375 1.12110 1.11840 1.11575 1.11310

1.12110 1.11845 1.11580 1.11320 1.11055

1.24825 1.24560 1.24300 1.24035 1.23770

1.24515 1.24250 1.23985 1.23725 1.23460

1.24190 1.23930 1.23670 1.23410 1.23150

45 44 43 42 41

1.11510 1.11235 1.10960 1.10690 1.10415

1.11490 1.11215 1.10945 1.10670 1.10400

1.11280 1.11010 1.10740 1.10470 1.10200

1.11040 1.10775 1.10510 1.10240 1.09975

1.10795 1.10530 1.10265 1.10005 1.09740

1.23775 1.23510 1.23245 1.22980 1.22710

1.23510 1.23245 1.22975 1.22710 1.22445

1.23200 1.22935 1.22665 1.22400 1.22135

1.22890 1.22625 1.22360 1.22095 1.21830

40 39 38 37 36

1.10145 1.09875 1.09605 1.09340 1.09070

1.10130 1.09860 1.09590 1.09320 1.09050

1.09930 1.09665 1.09400 1.09135 1.08865

1.09710 1.09445 1.09180 1.08915 1.08655

1.09475 1.09215 1.08955 1.08690 1.08430

1.22485 1.22220 1.21955 1.21690 1.21425

1.22445 1.22180 1.21915 1.21650 1.21385

1.22180 1.21915 1.21650 1.21380 1.21115

1.21870 1.21605 1.21340 1.21075 1.20810

1.21565 1.21300 1.21035 1.20770 1.20505

35 34 33 32 31

1.08800 1.08530 1.08265 1.07995 1.07725

1.08780 1.08515 1.08245 1.07975 1.07705

1.08600 1.08335 1.08070 1.07800 1.07535

1.08390 1.08125 1.07860 1.07600 1.07335

1.08165 1.07905 1.07645 1.07380 1.07120

80 79 78 77 76

1.21160 1.20885 1.20610 1.20335 1.20060

1.21120 1.20845 1.20570 1.20300 1.20025

1.20850 1.20575 1.20305 1.20030 1.19760

1.20545 1.20275 1.20005 1.19735 1.19465

1.20240 1.19970 1.19705 1.19435 1.19170

30 29 28 27 26

1.07455 1.07195 1.06935 1.06670 1.06410

1.07435 1.07175 1.06915 1.06655 1.06390

1.07270 1.07010 1.06755 1.06495 1.06240

1.07070 1.06815 1.06560 1.06305 1.06055

1.06855 1.06605 1.06355 1.06105 1.05855

75 74 73 72 71

1.19785 1.19510 1.19235 1.18965 1.18690

1.19750 1.19480 1.19205 1.18930 1.18655

1.19485 1.19215 1.18940 1.18670 1.18395

1.19195 1.18925 1.18650 1.18380 1.18110

1.18900 1.18635 1.18365 1.18100 1.17830

25 24 23 22 21

1.06150 1.05885 1.05625 1.05365 1.05100

1.06130 1.05870 1.05610 1.05350 1.05090

1.05980 1.05720 1.05465 1.05205 1.04950

1.05800 1.05545 1.05290 1.05035 1.04780

1.05605 1.05350 1.05100 1.04850 1.04600

70 69 68 67 66

1.18415 1.18135 1.17860 1.17585 1.17305

1.18385 1.18105 1.17830 1.17555 1.17275

1.18125 1.17850 1.17575 1.17300 1.17025

1.17840 1.17565 1.17295 1.17020 1.16745

1.17565 1.17290 1.17020 1.16745 1.16470

20 19 18 17 16

1.04840 1.04590 1.04335 1.04085 1.03835

1.04825 1.04575 1.04325 1.04075 1.03825

1.04690 1.04440 1.04195 1.03945 1.03695

1.04525 1.04280 1.04035 1.03790 1.03545

1.04350 1.04105 1.03860 1.03615 1.03370

65 64 63 62 61

1.17030 1.16755 1.16480 1.16200 1.15925

1.17000 1.16725 1.16445 1.16170 1.15895

1.16750 1.16475 1.16205 1.15930 1.15655

1.16475 1.16200 1.15925 1.15655 1.15380

1.16195 1.15925 1.15650 1.15375 1.15100

15 14 13 12 11

1.03580 1.03330 1.03080 1.02830 1.02575

1.03570 1.03320 1.03070 1.02820 1.02565

1.03450 1.03200 1.02955 1.02705 1.02455

1.03300 1.03055 1.02805 1.02560 1.02315

1.03130 1.02885 1.02640 1.02395 1.02150

60 59 58 57 56

1.15650 1.15370 1.15095 1.14815 1.14535

1.15615 1.15340 1.15065 1.14785 1.14510

1.15380 1.15105 1.14830 1.14555 1.14280

1.15105 1.14835 1.14560 1.14285 1.14015

1.14830 1.14555 1.14285 1.14010 1.13740

10 9 8 7 6

1.02325 1.02085 1.01840 1.01600 1.01360

1.02315 1.02075 1.01835 1.01590 1.01350

1.02210 1.01970 1.01730 1.01495 1.01255

1.02070 1.01835 1.01600 1.01360 1.01125

1.01905 1.01670 1.01440 1.01205 1.00970

55 54 53 52 51

1.14260 1.13980 1.13705 1.13425 1.13150

1.14230 1.13955 1.13680 1.13400 1.13125

1.14005 1.13730 1.13455 1.13180 1.12905

1.13740 1.13465 1.13195 1.12920 1.12650

1.13470 1.13195 1.12925 1.12650 1.12380

5 4 3 2 1 0

1.01120 1.00875 1.00635 1.00395 1.00155 0.99913

1.01110 1.00870 1.00630 1.00385 1.00145 0.99905

1.01015 1.00780 1.00540 1.00300 1.00060 0.99823

1.00890 1.00655 1.00415 1.00180 0.99945 0.99708

1.00735 1.00505 1.00270 1.00035 0.99800 0.99568

15° C

15.5° C

100 99 98 97 96

1.26415 1.26160 1.25900 1.25645 1.25385

1.26381 1.26125 1.25865 1.25610 1.25350

1.26108 1.25850 1.25590 1.25335 1.25080

95 94 93 92 91

1.25130 1.24865 1.24600 1.24340 1.24075

1.25095 1.24830 1.24565 1.24305 1.24040

90 89 88 87 86

1.23810 1.23545 1.23280 1.23015 1.22750

85 84 83 82 81

15

30° C

Table 5 – Dielectric Constant, ⑀, of Glycerine-Water Solutions at 25° C (77° F)(1)

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT The dielectric constants of various glycerine-water solutions are given in Table 5. The data were obtained at 25° C (77° F) and a frequency of 0.57 x 106 cycles per second. Table 6 shows the effect of temperature on the dielectric constants of pure glycerine-water solutions within the range of 20 to 100° C (69 to 212° F).

(1)

Glycerine % Wt.

⑀

Glycerine % Wt.

⑀

0.00 9.88 20.33 30.19 39.67 50.23

78.48 75.98 73.86 71.44 68.93 65.72

60.15 70.00 79.86 90.42 100.00

62.38 53.52 54.08 48.66 42.48

Current Frequency = 0.57 x 106 cycles/s.

Table 6 – Dielectric Constant, ⑀, of Glycerine-Water Solutions(1)

FREEZING POINT Pure glycerine has a freezing point of about 17°C (62.6°F). Glycerine, however, is seldom seen in a crystallized state due to its tendency to supercool. The presence of small amounts of water within a glycerinewater solution also inhibit cr ystallization, which may depress its freezing point. This means that Dow Glycerine 96% USP has a lower freezing point than OPTIM Glycerine 99.7% USP or Dow Glycerine 99.5% USP/EP.

Glycerine % Wt. 20° C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 96 100

80.37 77.55 74.72 71.77 68.76 65.63 62.03 57.06 52.27 46.98 43.50 41.14

25° C(2)

40° C

60° C

80° C

100° C

78.50 75.70 72.90 70.00 67.10 64.00 60.00 55.60 50.60 45.50 42.30 40.10

73.12 70.41 67.70 64.87 62.03 59.55 55.48 51.41 46.92 42.26 39.30 37.30

66.62 63.98 61.56 58.97 56.24 53.36 50.17 46.33 42.32 38.19 35.60 33.82

60.58 58.31 56.01 53.65 51.17 48.52 45.39 41.90 38.30 34.47 32.20 30.63

55.10 – – – – – 41.08 38.07 34.70 31.34 29.30 27.88

(1)

Current Frequency = 2 x 106 cycles/s.

(2)

Note: The data for 25° C were obtained by interpolation.

Figure 4 – Temperature Rise on Mixing Glycerine and Water

20

68

15

59

10

50

5

41

0

32

-5

23

-10

14

-15

5

-20

-4

-25

-13

-30

-22

-35

-31

- 40

- 40

- 45

- 49

- 50

6

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

4

3

2

1

- 58 0

Temperature Rise, °C

5

°F

°C

Figure 3 – Freezing Points of Glycerine-Water Solutions

0

90 100

0

Percent of Glycerine by Weight

20

40

60

Percent Glycerine by Weight

16

80

100

Table 7 – Freezing and Flow Points of GlycerineWater Solutions Composition

Freezing Point

Table 7 shows the freezing and flow points of glycerine solutions. The flow point is the temperature at which a glycerine-water solution can still flow freely through a 1/4-inch orifice. Figure 3 and Table 8 both provide specific data regarding the freezing points of several glycerine-water solutions.

Flow Point

Glycerine % by Wt.

(° C)

(° F)

(° C)

(° F)

9.65 19.30 28.95 33.78 38.60 43.43 48.25 53.08 57.90 67.55

- 2.2 - 5.3 - 8.8 - 12.4 - 17.2 - 18.0 - 21.4 - 27.5 - 34.0 - 41.5

28.0 22.46 16.3 9.5 1.04 0.4 - 6.5 - 17.5 - 29.2 - 42.7

- 3.0 - 9.0 - 15.8 - 18.0 - 19.5 - 20.5 - 28.0 - 35.9 - 41.9

26.6 15.8 3.5 - 2.0 - 3.1 - 4.9 - 18.4 - 32.6 - 43.6

HEAT OF SOLUTION

Table 8 – Freezing Points of Glycerine-Water Solutions Glycerine by Wt. (%)

Water (%)

0.0 5.0 10.0 11.5 (1) 15.0 20.0 22.6 (1) 25.0 30.0 33.3 (1) 35.0 40.0 44.5 (1) 45.0 50.0 53.0 (1) 55.0 60.0 60.4 (1) 64.0 (1) 64.7 (1)

100.0 95.0 90.0 88.5 85.0 80.0 77.4 75.0 70.0 67.0 65.0 60.0 55.5 55.0 50.0 47.0 45.0 40.0 39.6 36.0 35.3

Freezing Points (° C ) (° F) 0.0 - 0.6 -1.6 -2.0 -3.1 - 4.8 - 6.0 -7.0 -9.5 -11.0 -12.2 -15.4 -18.5 -18.8 -23.0 -26.0 -28.2 -34.7 -35.0 - 41.5 - 42.5

Glycerine by Wt. (%)

Water (%)

Freezing Points (° C) (° F)

65.0 65.6 (1) 66.0 (1) 66.7 (1) 67.1 (1) 67.3 (1) 68.0 (1) 70.0 70.9 (1) 75.0 75.4 (1) 79.0 (1) 80.0 84.8 (1) 85.0 90.0 90.3 (1) 95.0 95.3 (1) 98.2 (1) 100.0

35.0 34.4 34.0 33.3 32.9 32.7 32.0 30.0 29.1 25.0 24.6 21.0 20.0 15.2 15.0 10.0 9.7 5.0 4.7 1.8 0.0

- 43.0 - 44.5 - 44.7 - 46.5 - 45.5 - 44.5 - 44.0 - 38.9 - 37.5 - 29.8 - 28.5 - 22.0 - 20.3 -10.5 -10.9 -1.6 -1.0 7.7 7.5 13.5 17.0

32.0 30.9 29.1 28.4 26.4 23.4 21.2 19.4 14.9 12.2 10.0 4.3 -1.3 -1.8 -9.4 -14.8 -18.8 -30.5 -31.0 -42.7 -44.5

(1)

Actual determination. Remaining values were interpolated from curve.

Table 9 – Molar Heat of Solution of Glycerine Initial Concentration of Glycerine Moles of H2O per Mole Glycerine

% H2O

0.000 0.164 0.304 0.684 1.633 2.866 3.711 4.564

0.00 3.11 5.62 11.81 24.21 35.93 42.07 47.17

Molar Heat of Solution, Cal (Joules) 1381 (6647) 1329 (6396) 1261 (6069) 1140 (5487) 962 (4630) 788 (3793) 705 (3393) 615 (2960)

17

-45.4 -48.1 -48.5 -51.7 -49.9 -48.1 -47.2 -38.0 -35.5 -21.6 -19.3 -7.6 -4.5 13.1 12.4 29.1 30.2 45.9 45.5 56.3 62.6

When glycerine is dissolved in water at a temperature of 0°C (32°F), there is a slight rise in temperature that reaches a maximum of about 5° C (41°F) when 58 percent by weight of glycerine is used. See Figure 4. The maximum amount of heat (though not the greatest rise in temperature) is obtained when the glycerine is dissolved in a large excess of water. If the glycerine is not anhydrous, some of its heat of solution will have already been dissipated; correspondingly, smaller amounts of heat will be produced by further dilution. See Table 9.

HEAT OF VAPORIZATION As shown in Table 11, the heat of vaporization of glycerine is 21,060 cal/mol at 55° C (130° F) and 18,170 at 195° C (382° F).

- 6.7°C (20° F) 8

Specific Heat, Cal/g/° C or Btu/lb/°F

Pure glycerine’s specific heat falls within the range of 0.575 to 0.5795 cal per ° C per gram at 26° C (79° F). The specific heat of glycerine-water solutions is higher. Specific heat data for glycerinewater solutions from 0 to -30° C (32 to -22°F) is given in Figures 5 and 6 and Table 10.

Figure 5 – Specific Heats of Glycerine-Water Solutions at Various Temperatures

6

- 9.4°C (15° F) 4 - 15°C (5° F) - 20.5°C (-5°F) 2

- 26.1°C (-15° F) - 31.6°C (-25°F)

0 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Fraction Glycerine, by Weight

Figure 6 – Specific Heats of Glycerine-Water Solutions of Various Compositions 25% Glycerine 6

Specific Heat, Cal/g/° C or Btu/lb/°F

SPECIFIC HEAT

30%

4

35% 40% 45% 50%

2

55%

0 -1.1°C (30°F) -9.4°C (15°F) -17.7°C (0° F) -26.1°C (-15°F)

18

Table 10 – Specific Heats of Glycerine-Water Solutions Specific Heats, Cal/g/° C or Btu/lb/° F Glycerine

°F

°C

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

65%

35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0

1.7 -1.1 -3.9 - 6.7

0.88 0.88 0.87 0.86

0.87 0.86 0.86 0.85

0.86 0.85 0.84 0.83

0.84 0.83 0.82 0.82

0.82 0.81 0.80 0.79

0.80 0.79 0.78 0.77

0.77 0.76 0.75 0.74

0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71

0.71 0.70 0.69 0.68

19.0 (1) 15.0 (1)

-7.2 - 9.4

6.8 (1) 4.1

– – 4.8 * 0.82

– 0.80

– 0.78

– 0.76

– 0.73

– 0.70

– 0.67

10.4 (1) -12.0 10.0 -12.2 5.0 -15.0

– 2.7 2.1

– 3.2 2.4

3.7 (1) – 3.6 0.80 2.7 0.79

– 0.78 0.77

– 0.75 0.74

– 0.72 0.71

– 0.69 0.67

– 0.66 0.65

4.6 (1) -15.2 0.0 -17.8

– 1.7

– 1.9

– 2.1

2.9 (1) – 2.4 0.76

– 0.73

– 0.70

– 0.66

– 0.63

-1.8 (1) -18.8 -5.0 -20.6

– 1.4

– 1.6

– 1.8

– 2.0

2.4 (1) – 2.2 0.72

– 0.69

– 0.65

– 0.62

-9.6 (1) -23.1 -10.0 -23.3 -15.0 -26.1

– 1.2 1.1

– 1.4 1.2

– 1.6 1.3

– 1.7 1.5

– 1.9 1.6

2.0 (1) – 2.0 0.68 1.7 0.67

– 0.64 0.63

– 0.61 0.60

-18.9 (1) -28.3 -20.0 -28.9 -25.0 -31.7

– 1.0 0.9

– 1.1 1.0

– 1.2 1.1

– 1.3 1.2

– 1.4 1.25

1.7 (1) – 1.6 0.62 1.4 0.61

– 0.59 0.58

– 1.5 1.3

(1)

Estimated freezing point, and maximum specific heat for mixture of this composition.

The horizontal lines in each column mark the lower limit of the one-phase systems.

Table 11 – Heat of Vaporization of Glycerine °C L = cal/mol

°C L = cal/mol

195

185

175

165

155

145

135

125

18170

18780

18610

18740

19740

19810

19430

18925

115

105

95

85

75

65

55

19530

19300

19910

20840

21170

21120

21060

L is the molar heat of vaporization.

19

REFRACTIVE INDEX Table 12 shows the refractive indices of various concentrations of glycerine in water.

Table 12 – Refractive Index of Glycerine-Water Solutions at 20° C (69° F) Glycerine % by Weight

Refractive Index nD20

Difference for 1%

Glycerine % by Weight

Refractive Index nD20

Difference for 1%

100 99 98 97 96

1.47399 1.47234 1.47071 1.46909 1.46752

0.00165 0.00163 0.00161 0.00157 0.00156

50 49 48 47 46

1.39809 1.39660 1.39513 1.39368 1.39227

0.00149 0.00147 0.00145 0.00141 0.00138

95 94 93 92 91

1.46597 1.46443 1.46290 1.46139 1.45989

0.00154 0.00153 0.00151 0.00150 0.00150

45 44 43 42 41

1.39089 1.38953 1.38818 1.38683 1.38548

0.00136 0.00135 0.00135 0.00135 0.00135

90 89 88 87 86

1.45839 1.45689 1.45539 1.45389 1.45237

0.00150 0.00150 0.00150 0.00152 0.00152

40 39 38 37 36

1.38413 1.38278 1.38143 1.38008 1.37874

0.00135 0.00135 0.00135 0.00134 0.00134

85 84 83 82 81

1.45085 1.44930 1.44770 1.44612 1.44450

0.00155 0.00156 0.00160 0.00162 0.00160

35 34 33 32 31

1.37740 1.37606 1.37472 1.37338 1.37204

0.00134 0.00134 0.00134 0.00134 0.00134

80 79 78 77 76

1.44290 1.44135 1.43982 1.43832 1.43683

0.00155 0.00153 0.00150 0.00149 0.00149

30 29 28 27 26

1.37070 1.36936 1.36802 1.36669 1.36536

0.00134 0.00134 0.00133 0.00133 0.00132

75 74 73 72 71

1.43534 1.43385 1.43236 1.43087 1.42938

0.00149 0.00149 0.00149 0.00149 0.00149

25 24 23 22 21

1.36404 1.36272 1.36141 1.36010 1.35879

0.00132 0.00131 0.00131 0.00131 0.00130

70 69 68 67 66

1.42789 1.42640 1.42491 1.42342 1.42193

0.00149 0.00149 0.00149 0.00149 0.00149

20 19 18 17 16

1.35749 1.35619 1.35490 1.35361 1.35233

0.00130 0.00129 0.00129 0.00128 0.00127

65 64 63 62 61

1.42044 1.41895 1.41746 1.41597 1.41448

0.00149 0.00149 0.00149 0.00149 0.00149

15 14 13 12 11

1.35106 1.34980 1.34854 1.34729 1.34604

0.00126 0.00126 0.00125 0.00125 0.00123

60 59 58 57 56

1.41299 1.41150 1.41001 1.40852 1.40703

0.00149 0.00149 0.00149 0.00149 0.00149

10 9 8 7 6

1.34481 1.34359 1.34238 1.34118 1.33999

0.00122 0.00121 0.00120 0.00119 0.00119

55 54 53 52 51

1.40554 1.40405 1.40256 1.40107 1.39958

0.00149 0.00149 0.00149 0.00149 0.00149

5 4 3 2 1 0

1.33880 1.33762 1.33645 1.33530 1.33416 1.33303

0.00118 0.00117 0.00115 0.00114 0.00113 –

20

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Thermal Conductivity (Gram Cal., Sec, -1 Cm,-2 ° C,-1 cm)

Figure 7 – Thermal Conductivity-CompositionTemperature Cur ves for Glycerine-Water Solutions

The thermal conductivity of glycerine solutions increases as water content increases. Increases also occur with rising temperature – the rate of change being linear. The data in Figure 7 and Table 13 were obtained from curves plotted from experimentally determined values for the coefficients of thermal conductivity and solution concentrations.

°C 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

.00160 .00150 .00140 .00130 .00120 .00110 .00100 .00090 .00080 .00070 .00060 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Glycerine-Water Solutions, Percent Water

Table 13 – True Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity of Glycerine-Water Solutions Water

Glycerine

Percent By Weight

Values of K1 10° C

20° C

30° C

40° C

50° C

60° C

70° C

80° C

␣ 20(1)%, C° -1

Equations for True Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity

Gram Calories, Second,-1 cm, -2° C, -1 cm(2) 100

(Pure water)

0.00138

0.00141

0.00145

0.00149

0.00152

0.00156

0.00160

0.00163

0.26

K1=0.00134+0.00000367 (t)

95 90

5 10

0.00133 0.00130

0.00137 0.00133

0.00140 0.00137

0.00144 0.00140

0.00147 0.00143

0.00151 0.00146

0.00154 0.00149

0.00158 0.00152

0.25 0.24

K1=0.00130+0.00000342 (t) K1=0.00127+0.00000317 (t)

85 80

15 20

0.00125 0.00121

0.00128 0.00124

0.00131 0.00127

0.00134 0.00129

0.00137 0.00132

0.00140 0.00135

0.00143 0.00138

0.00146 0.00141

0.23 0.23

K1=0.00122+0.00000300 (t) K1=0.00118+0.00000284 (t)

75 70

25 30

0.00117 0.00112

0.00119 0.00115

0.00122 0.00117

0.00125 0.00120

0.00127 0.00122

0.00130 0.00124

0.00132 0.00126

0.00135 0.00129

0.22 0.20

K1=0.00114+0.00000263 (t) K1=0.00110+0.00000234 (t)

65 60

35 40

0.00109 0.00105

0.00111 0.00107

0.00114 0.00108

0.00116 0.00110

0.00118 0.00112

0.00120 0.00114

0.00122 0.00116

0.00124 0.00118

0.20 0.17

K1=0.00107+0.00000217 (t) K1=0.00103+0.00000183 (t)

55 50

45 50

0.00102 0.00097

0.00103 0.00099

0.00105 0.00100

0.00106 0.00101

0.00108 0.00103

0.00110 0.00104

0.00111 0.00105

0.00113 0.00107

0.15 0.13

K1=0.00100+0.00000159 (t) K1=0.00096+0.00000133 (t)

45 40

55 60

0.00094 0.00090

0.00095 0.00091

0.00096 0.00091

0.00098 0.00092

0.00099 0.00093

0.00100 0.00094

0.00101 0.00095

0.00102 0.00096

0.12 0.10

K1=0.00093+0.00000116 (t) K1=0.00089+0.00000090 (t)

35 30

65 70

0.00086 0.00084

0.00087 0.00084

0.00088 0.00085

0.00089 0.00085

0.00089 0.00086

0.00090 0.00086

0.00091 0.00087

0.00091 0.00087

0.08 0.06

K1=0.00086+0.00000067 (t) K1=0.00083+0.00000050 (t)

25 20

75 80

0.00080 0.00077

0.00081 0.00078

0.00081 0.00078

0.00081 0.00078

0.00082 0.00079

0.00082 0.00079

0.00082 0.00079

0.00082 0.00079

0.04 0.04

K1=0.00080+0.00000030 (t) K1=0.00077+0.00000030 (t)

15 10

85 90

0.00074 0.00072

0.00074 0.00072

0.00074 0.00072

0.00074 0.00072

0.00074 0.00072

0.00074 0.00072

0.00075 0.00072

0.00075 0.00073

0.01 0.0+

K1=0.00074+0.00000008 (t) K1=0.00072

5 (Pure glycerine)

95 100

0.00070 0.00068

0.00070 0.00068

0.00070 0.00068

0.00070 0.00068

0.00070 0.00068

0.00070 0.00068

0.00070 0.00068

0.00070 0.00068

_ –

␣ 20 as defined by Kt = K20[1 + ␣ 20 (t - 20)].

(1)

Kt (cal, sec-1, cm-2, °C-1, cm) 2900 = Kt (Btu, hr.-1, ft-2, °F-1 inch). C.g.s. system English system

(2)

21

K1=0.00070 K1=0.00068

The cubical expansion of various glycerine-water solutions is shown in Figure 8. The heat of fusion for these solutions is 47.5 cal per gm and 47.9 cal per gm. The thermal expansion of glycerine with increasing temperature may be measured by its change in volume or density. See Tables 14 and 15.

Figure 8 – Cubical Expansion of GlycerineWater Solutions When Partially Frozen 10 Water

Expansion milliliters per 100 grams solution

THERMAL AND CUBICAL EXPANSION

5% glycerine 8

10% glycerine 20% glycerine

6

4

2

0 0

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

Temperature °C Expansion calculated by ideal equation Expansion calculated from literature values of glycerine solution freezing points Expansion experimentally determined

Table 14 – Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (Gravimetric) of Solutions of Glycerine and Water Change in Specific Gravity per Degree Glycerine (%)

15 -20° C

15 -25° C

20 - 25° C

100 97.5 95 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Water

0.000615 0.000620 0.000615 0.000610 0.000620 0.000580 0.000540 0.000485 0.000430 0.000370 0.000300 0.000230 0.000180

0.000615 0.000615 0.000615 0.000615 0.000615 0.000570 0.000545 0.000495 0.000435 0.000385 0.000315 0.000255 0.000205

0.000610 0.000605 0.000615 0.000620 0.000610 0.000565 0.000550 0.000510 0.000445 0.000400 0.000325 0.000280 0.000230

Table 15 – Thermal Expansion of Pure Glycerine (° C)

(° C)

Vol.

0 = 10000 10 = 10045 20 = 10090 30 = 10140 40 = 10190 50 = 10240 60 = 10295 70 = 10350 80 = 10410 90 = 10470

Vol.

100 = 10530 110 = 10590 120 = 10655 130 = 10720 140 = 10790 150 = 10860 160 = 10930 170 = 11005 180 = 11080 190 = 11160

22

(° C)

Vol.

200 = 11245 210 = 11330 220 = 11415 230 = 11500 240 = 11585 250 = 11670 260 = 11755 270 = 11840 280 = 11925 290 = 12010

Table 16 – Volatility Properties of Glycerine-Water Solutions Parts by Weight of Glycerine in 100 Parts of Aqueous Solution

Boiling Point at 760 mm Hg (° C)(1)

Vapor Pressure of Glycerine Solution at 100° C (mm) Hg(1)

100 99 98 97 96

290.0 239.0 208.0 188.0 175.0

64 87 107 126 144

95 94 93 92 91

164.0 156.0 150.0 145.0 141.0

162 180 198 215 231

90 89 88 87 86

138.0 135.0 132.5 130.5 129.0

247 263 279 295 311

85 84 83 82 81

127.5 126.0 124.5 123.0 122.0

326 340 355 370 384

80 79 78 77 76

121.0 120.0 119.0 118.2 117.4

396 408 419 430 440

75 74 73 72 71

116.7 116.0 115.4 114.8 114.2

450 460 470 480 489

70 65 60 55 50

113.6 111.3 109.0 107.5 106.0

496 553 565 593 618

45 40 35 30 25

105.0 104.0 103.4 102.8 102.3

639 657 675 690 704

20 10 0

101.8 100.9 100.0

717 740 760

Volatility data, including boiling point and vapor pressure, for various glycerine-water solutions are given in Table 16. Vapor pressures of pure glycerine are calculated by extrapolating from partial pressures of solutions to the point where the partial pressure equals the total pressure. These values are estimated to be accurate to about 1 percent and are shown in Table 17.

(1)

1 mm Hg = 0.1333 kPa

Table 17 – Vapor Pressure of Pure Glycerine mm Hg 1 °C

5

10

125.5 153.8 167.2

20

40

60

182.2

198.0 208.0

100

200

400

760

220.1 240.0 263.0 290.0

23

VAPOR PRESSURE AND BOILING POINT

VISCOSITY The viscosity of aqueous glycerine solutions from 0 to 100 percent concentrations and 0 to 100° C (32 to 211°F) temperatures is given in Table 18. The viscosity of glycerine solutions below 0°C (32° F) is shown in Table 19. This may be determined by using a falling ball viscometer. Viscosities of supercooled glycerine as low as -40° C (-40° F) have also been determined via this method and are presented in Tables 20 and 21. The viscosity of glycerine at high temperatures, 80 to 167° C (175 to 332° F), is shown in Table 22.

Table 18 – Viscosity of Aqueous Glycerine Solutions in Centipoises/mPa s Temperature (° C) Glycerine percent weight 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 65 67 70 75 80 85 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

(1)

0

10

1.792 2.44 3.44 5.14 8.25 14.6 29.9 45.7 55.5 76 132 255 540 1310 1590 1950 2400 2930 3690 4600 5770 7370 9420 12070

1.308 1.74 2.41 3.49 5.37 9.01 17.4 25.3 29.9 38.8 65.2 116 223 498 592 729 860 1040 1270 1580 1950 2460 3090 3900

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1.005 0.8007 0.6560 0.5494 0.4688 0.4061 0.3565 0.3165 0.2838 1.31 1.03 0.826 0.680 0.575 0.500 – – – 1.76 1.35 1.07 0.879 0.731 0.635 – – – 2.50 1.87 1.46 1.16 0.956 0.816 0.690 – – 3.72 2.72 2.07 1.62 1.30 1.09 0.918 0.763 0.668 6.00 4.21 3.10 2.37 1.86 1.53 1.25 1.05 0.910 10.8 7.19 5.08 3.76 2.85 2.29 1.84 1.52 1.28 15.2 9.85 6.80 4.89 3.66 2.91 2.28 1.86 1.55 17.7 11.3 7.73 5.50 4.09 3.23 2.50 2.03 1.68 22.5 14.1 9.40 6.61 4.86 3.78 2.90 2.34 1.93 35.5 21.2 13.6 9.25 6.61 5.01 3.80 3.00 2.43 60.1 33.9 20.8 13.6 9.42 6.94 5.13 4.03 3.18 109 58 33.5 21.2 14.2 10.0 7.28 5.52 4.24 219 109 60.0 35.5 22.5 15.5 11.0 7.93 6.00 259 127 68.1 39.8 25.1 17.1 11.9 8.62 6.40 310 147 78.3 44.8 28.0 19.0 13.1 9.46 6.82 367 172 89 51.5 31.6 21.2 14.4 10.3 7.54 437 202 105 58.4 35.4 23.6 15.8 11.2 8.19 523 237 121 67.0 39.9 26.4 17.5 12.4 9.08 624 281 142 77.8 45.4 29.7 19.6 13.6 10.1 765 340 166 88.9 51.9 33.6 21.9 15.1 10.9 939 409 196 104 59.8 38.5 24.8 17.0 12.2 1150 500 235 122 69.1 43.6 27.8 19.0 13.3 1410 612 284 142 81.3 50.6 31.9 21.3 14.8

(1)

Viscosity of water taken from “Properties of Ordinary Water-Substance.” N.E. Dorsey, p. 184. New York (1940)

Table 19 – Viscosity of Glycerine-Water Solutions at Low Temperatures in Centipoises/mPa s Temperature

Glycerine % Wt.

Freezing Point

- 5° C

-10° C

- 20° C

-30° C

- 40° C

10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 66.7 70.0 80.0 90.0

-1.6 - 4.8 - 9.5 -15.4 - 23.0 - 34.7 - 46.5 - 38.5 - 20.3 -1.6

– – 6.5 10.3 18.8 41.6 74.7 110.0 419.0 –

– – – 14.4 24.4 59.1 113.0 151.0 683.0 –

– – – – 48.1 108.0 289.0 394.0 1600.0 –

– – – – – 244.0 631.0 1046.0 – –

– – – – – – 1398.0 – – –

24

Table 20 – Viscosity of Supercooled Glycerine Glycerine + 0.5% Water

Glycerine, Anhydrous

(° C)

(Poises)

(° C)

(Poises)(1)

- 40.9 - 37.0 - 34.0 - 34.0 - 30.0 - 26.0 -13.9 -13.9 - 6.1 - 6.1 - 6.0 +2.0 +1.8 +1.7 +6.3 +6.3 +9.1 +9.2 +12.8 +12.8

45000 22000 10600 10800 5220 2830 407 405 142 144 137 53.8 56.5 62.4 34.4 35.7 26.7 26.0 18.4 18.3

- 42.0 - 41.8 -36.3 -36.0 - 28.9 - 25.0 - 25.0 - 20.0 -19.5 -15.4 -10.8 -10.8 - 4.2 - 4.2

67100 63000 21700 20500 5360 2600 2640 1340 1230 665 357 352 148 149

(1)

(1)

1 Poise = 0.1 mPa s

Table 21 – Calculated Temperatures Related to Viscosities of Supercooled Glycerine Containing 0.5 Percent Water °C

- 89

- 45

- 33.5

- 20

- 3.5

+18

Viscosity (poises)(1)

1013

105

104

103

102

10

(1)

1 Poise = 0.1 mPa s

Table 22 – Viscosity of 100 Percent Glycerine at High Temperatures °C

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

Centipoises/ mPa s

32.18

21.2

14.60

10.48

7.797

5.986

4.726

°C

150

158

167

Centipoises/ mPa s

3.823

3.282

2.806

25

SOLUBILITY

Table 23 – Miscibility of Organic Solvents with Glycerine

Because of its hydroxyl groups, glycerine has solubility characteristics similar to those of water and the simple aliphatic alcohols. It is completely miscible with water, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, npropyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, sec.-butyl alcohol, tertiary amyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, trimethylene glycol and phenol. Glycerine has limited solubility in dioxane and ethyl ether. It is practically insoluble, however, in higher alcohols, fatty oils, hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents such as chlorhexane, chlorbenzene and chloroform. It is completely miscible with ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, but is miscible with only a limited amount of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether. Miscibility data for a number of compounds with glycerine are given in Table 23. Because of the importance of glycerine as a solvent in pharmaceutical preparations and flavor extracts, considerable work has been done on the solubility of a number of substances in glycerine. Table 24 gives the solubility data of many of these compounds.

Miscible

Immiscible

o-Cresol Diethylenetriamine Diethyl formamide Diisopropylamine Ethyl alcohol Triethylenetetramine ␣-Methylbenzylamine ␣-Methylbenzyldiethanolamine ␣-Methylbenzylethanolamine 2-Methyl-5-ethylpyridine 2-Phenylethylamine Isopropanolamine Pyridine

Acetone Di-n-amylamine Isoamyl acetate Di-n-butylamine n-Amyl cyanide Anisaldehyde Benzene Benzyl ether Chloroform Cinnamaldehyde Diisobutyl ketone Diethyl acetic acid 2,6,8 Trimethyl 4-nonanone Di(2-ethylhexyl) amine Di-n-propyl aniline Ethyl chloracetate Ethyl cinnamate Ethyl ether Ethyl phenylacetate 3-Heptanol n-Heptyl acetate n-Hexyl ether ␣-Methylbenzyldimethylamine Methyl isopropyl ketone 4-Methyl-n-valeric acid o-Phenetidine Salicylaldehyde Tetradecanol Tri-butyl phosphate

26

Partially Miscible

Table 24 – Solubility of Various Compounds in Glycerine

Substance Alum Ammonium carbonate Ammonium chloride Anisic aldehyde Arsenic acid Arsenious acid Atropine Atropine sulfate Barium chloride Benzoic acid

Benzyl acetate Boric acid Brucine Calcium hydroxide Calcium hypophosphite Calcium oleate Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfide Cinchonine Cinchonine sulfate Cinnamic aldehyde Codeine hydrochloride Copper acetate Copper sulfate Ethyl acetate Ethyl ether Eugenol Ferrous sulfate Guaiacol Guaiacol carbonate Iodine Idoform Iron and potassium tartrate Iron lactate Iron oleate Lead acetate Lead sulfate Magnesium oleate Mercuric chloride Mercurous chloride Mercurous cyanide Morphine Morphine acetate Morphine hydrochloride Novacaine Oxalic acid Pentaerythritol Phenacetin Phenol

Glycerine Concentration % Weight

Solubility in Parts per Temp. 100 Parts ° C of solvent

Ref.†

NS

15

40

6

NS 99.04 87.27 NS NS NS NS NS 99.04 87.27 NS 98.5 95.1 90 86.5 75 50 NS 98.5 86.5 NS 35

15 20 20 15 15 15 15 15 20 20 15 – 23 23 – 23 23 15 20 20 15 25

20 19.8 13.7 20.06 0.1 20 20 3 45.2 45.8 9.73 2 2.01 1.74 1.18 1.02 0.06 0.1 24.8 13.79 2.25 1.3

8 9 9 8 1 6 6 5 9 9 8 4 — — 4 — — 1 4 4 5 2

99.04 87.27 45 NS NS NS NS NS

20 20 15 15 15 15 15 15

2.5 3.2 1.18 5.17 5 0.3 6.7 0.1

9 9 6 8 6 5 5 1

99.04 87.27 NS NS 99.04 87.27 99.04 87.27 NS NS 99.04 87.27 99.04 87.27 NS 95

20 20 15 15 20 20 20 20 15 15 20 20 20 20 15 15

11.1 4.7 10 30 1.9 1.8 0.65 0.38 0.1 25 13.1 9.05 0.043 0.039 2 0.12

9 9 6 6 9 9 9 9 1 6 9 9 9 9 8 3

NS NS 45 NS 98.5 86.5 NS 45 NS NS NS NS NS

15 15 15 15 – – 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

8 16 0.71 10 143 129.3 30.3 0.94 8 7.5 27 0.45 20

5 5 8 8 4 4 8 6 8 5 5 5 5

NS 99.04 87.27 NS 100 99.04 87.27 99.04 87.27

15 20 20 15 100 20 20 20 20

20 11.2 7.8 15.1 9.3 0.47 0.3 276.4 361.8

5 9 9 6 Anon. 9 9 9 9

Substance

Glycerine Concentration % Weight

Phenylethyl alcohol Phosphorus Potassium arsenate Potassium bromide Potassium chlorate Potassium chloride Potassium cyanide Potassium iodate Potassium iodide Quinine Quinine sulfate Quinine tannate Salicin Salicylic acid Santonin Sodium arsenate Sodium bi-borate Sodium bicorbonate Sodium tetraborate (borax) Sodium carbonate (crystals) Sodium chlorate Sodium hypophosphite Sodium pyrophosphate Sodium sulfate – 12H2O Stearic acid Strychnine Strychnine nitrate Strychnine sulfate Sulfur Tannic acid Tannin Tartar emetic Theobromine Urea Zinc chloride Zinc iodide Zinc sulfate Zinc valerate

Solubility in Parts per Temp. 100 Parts ° C of solvent

Ref.†

NS NS NS NS 98.5 86.5 NS 98.5 86.5 NS NS NS NS 98.5 86.5 NS 98.5 86.5 NS 99.04 87.27 NS 98.5 86.4 NS NS 99.04 87.27 98.5 86.5 NS

15 15 15 15 – – 15 – – 15 15 15 15 – – 15 – – 15 20 20 15 – – 15 15 20 20 – – 15

1.5 ca. 0.25 50.13 25 17.15 20.59 3.54 1.03 1.32 3.72 31.84 1.9 39.72 50.7 58.27 0.47 1.32 0.72 0.25 2.8 2.45 12.5 1.63 0.985 6 50 64 44 111.15 89.36 8.06

1 8 8 6 4 4 8 4 4 8 8 5 8 4 4 8 4 4 5 9 9 5 4 4 5 8 9 9 4 4 8

NS

15

60

8

NS NS 99.04 87.27 87.27 100 99.04 87.27 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 99.04 87.27 NS NS NS NS 99.04 87.27

15 15 20 20 20 25 20 20 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 20 20 15 15 15 15 20 20

98.3 20 32.7 42.2 9.6 8.1 0.089 0.066 0.25 4 22.5 ca. 0.1 48.8 48.83 5.5 0.028 0.017 50 49.87 39.78 35.18 0.336 0.382

8 5 9 9 9 10 9 9 5 5 5 8 6 8 5 9 9 5 8 8 8 9 9

NS = Glycerine content not specified, probably 95 to 100 percent. †

References for Table

(1)“Allen’s Commercial Organic Analysis,” Fourth ed, p. 461. P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., Philadelphia (1923). (2)Cameron, F.K., and Patten, H.E., J. Phys. Chem. 15, 67-72 (1911). (3)Chiara, P., Giorn. farm. chim., 66, 94-96 (1917). (4)Holm, K., Pharm. Weekblad, 58, 860-862 (1921); ibid. 1033-1037 (1921) (5)Lawrie, J. W., “Glycerol and the Glycols,” p. 232. New York, The Chemical Catalog Co. Inc. (Reinhold Publishing Corp.) 1928. (6)Lewkowitsch, J., “Chemical Technology and Analysis of Fats and Waxes,” Sixth ed., p. 254, London, MacMillan & Co. Ltd. (1921). (7)Noble, M. V., and Garrett, A. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 66, 231-235 (1944). (8)Ossendovsky, A. M., J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc., 37, 1071 (1906). Through Mac Ardle, D. W., “The Use of Solvents in Organic Chemistry,” p. 80. New York, D. van Nostrand Co., Inc. (1925). (9)Roborgh, J. A., Pharm. Weekblad, 64, 1205-1209 (1927). (10) Schnellbach, W. and Rosin, J., J. Am. Pharm. Assoc., 18, 1230-1235 (1929).

27

SKIN

SAFETY AND HANDLING One of the desirable qualities of glycerine is its ease of handling from a personal safety viewpoint. However, a few reasonable precautions are necessary. Good manufacturing practices should be exercised to conform to federal regulations and to maintain the quality necessary for human consumption. Due to glycerine’s high viscosity, slight heating is usually required to lower the viscosity for easy transfer. It’s important to note, however, that glycerine may degrade to oxidation by-products. Glycerine by-products have different toxicological and physical properties from glycerine itself. See the Material Safety Data Sheet for more information. To minimize quality degradation, glycerine should be used and stored below 54° C (130° F). In the presence of powerful oxidizing agents such as sodium hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid, a violent reaction may occur. Review the following exposure hazards and first aid procedures to establish and maintain safe working conditions.

EYES May cause slight, transient irritation. Upon eye , flush the eyes with plenty of water.

28

A single prolonged exposure to glycerine is not likely to be absorbed in significant amounts through the skin and so is not likely to cause significant irritation. Upon , skin may feel warm due to the absorption of moisture from the skin. Glycerine can be removed by washing with water. Glycerine may be absorbed in potentially harmful amounts when applied in large quantities to severe burns (second or third degree) over large areas of the body as part of a cream or other topical application. Absorption under such circumstances can elevate serum osmolality and may result in osmotic shock.

INHALATION No significant irritation. The ACGIH Threshold Limit Value is 10 mg/m3 as a nuisance mist. If irritation occurs as a result of inhalation, remove person to an area of fresh air.

DRUMS Acceptable drums may be polyethylene or epoxy-phenolic lined, but due to the variety available, Dow for assistance in identifying acceptable drums.

BIODEGRADATION DATA Biodegradation under aerobic static laboratory conditions is high (BOD20 or BOD28/ThOD greater than 40 percent). It is expected that biodegradation will be achievable in a secondary wastewater treatment plant. The inhibitory concentration of glycerine (IC50) in OECD “Activated Sludge, Respiration Inhibition Test” (Guideline #209) is greater than 1,000 mg/L. The five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) is 0.54 p/p, the 10-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD10) is 0.98 p/p, the 20-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD20) is 1.0 p/p and the theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) is calculated to be 1.22 p/p.

GENERAL STORAGE CONSIDERATIONS Storage and handling equipment should be installed to avoid possible cross-contamination with other materials. Glycerine will react with many compounds, including acids, isocyanates, chlorine and oxidizing agents. On any of the following storage and handling topics, Dow personnel are available to discuss their specific storage conditions.

BULK STORAGE Bulk storage and loading equipment should be designed to allow for periodic emptying and cleaning. New equipment should be hydrostatically tested prior to use. To ensure product quality, it is recommended that only dedicated equipment be used to store glycerine. Bulk storage and loading areas should have easy access for tank trucks and/or railcars and maintenance equipment. Bulk storage tanks should use nitrogen padding or air dryers to prevent moisture accumulation. Glycerine is very hygroscopic. Bulk storage facilities may need provisions for heating of product if located in cold regions. Care must be used when heating glycerine to avoid heat degradation of the

product, as temperatures above 54° C (130° F) can cause accelerated degradation. See Figure 9 (on page 30) for typical bulk glycerine storage facilities and tank truck off-loading arrangement. Supercooling The freezing point of glycerine is 17° C (62.6° F). Glycerine has the characteristic of supercooling, which means that it can remain in a liquid state even below its reported freezing point of 17°C (62.6° F). However, to avoid unexpected crystallization, glycerine should be stored above 17° C (62.6° F). Materials of Construction Stainless steel is the recommended material of construction for glycerine storage tanks. Plastic and fiberglass tanks as well as lined tanks can be used for glycerine storage. All plastic material and tank linings being considered for use with glycerine should be checked to assure compatibility with the product to avoid any adverse effects on quality. Design and Fabrication A welded tank designed in accordance with UL-142 (“atmospheric pressure” vertical and horizontal tanks), or API 650 (vertical “atmospheric” tanks) is recommended for glycerine storage.

29

Tanks larger than 5,000 gallons in capacity should be equipped with a manway. Glycerine storage tanks should be designed to eliminate significant product residue after draining in order to facilitate clearing and cleaning (i.e., incorporate a bottom drain). A self-cleaning white paint exterior is recommended on glycerine tanks. This color of paint will minimize the internal temperature changes that occur during 24-hour cycles. The reduced expansion and contraction of the contents (breathing) will decrease the demand for nitrogen or dry air. A glycerine tank should be cleaned and dried prior to being used for the first time. Tank Installation Glycerine tanks should be ed on a firm foundation. The recommended foundation is a reinforced concrete pad or ring. Soil testing is advisable to determine the proper foundation needed to safely the gross weight of the completely filled tank. Guy wires or tie-downs should be considered if the tank will be located in an open area. An empty tank is not very stable in strong winds. If the tank will be located in an area prone to occasional flooding, it should be securely anchored to prevent it from floating off the base. An empty tank will float. Bulk storage tanks should be electrically grounded. A bulk storage tank should be hydrostatically tested prior to its first use. This procedure will help to identify leaks or other problems before the tank is filled with product.

Figure 9 – Typical Bulk Glycerine Storage Facility and Tank Truck Off-Loading Arrangement 1 PUMP TO BE TURNED OFF BY: HIGH LEVEL IN TANK HIGH TEMPERATURE LOW PUMP DISCHARGE PRESSURE LOW PUMP DISCHARGE FLOW LOSS OF ELECTRICAL GROUND

This schematic drawing is provided in good faith by The Dow Chemical Company.. However, as the delivery, storage, use and disposal conditions are not within its control, Dow does not guarantee results from the use of the schematic. The customer is advised to employ a qualified engineering service to design and build their storage and handling facility. Since any assistance furnished by Dow, with reference to the safe delivery, storage, use and disposal of its products is provided without charge, Dow assumes no obligation or liability.

TO NITROGEN PAD-DEPAD OR AIR DRYER SYSTEM

3 POSITION TEMPERATURE SENSORS TO PROVIDE ACCURATE LIQUID TEMPERATURE REGARDLESS OF LEVEL.

TO PROCESS ACCESS PLATFORM FCMV

PVRV

ERV

2 SAFETY SHOWER MUST BE LOCATED TO BE QUICKLY ACCESSIBLE FROM ALL PRODUCT HANDLING AREAS.

1 HLS HLA

NOTE: LABEL LINES FOR CONTENT

FCMV

HLA

GLYCERINE LI LT

3

2 SAFETY SHOWER & EYEWASH

FI FT

TI TT

1

TIC TT

1

PI PT

1

0

2" LIQ.

STEAM 5

TANK TRUCK

KBV

CONDENSATE

SPILL CONTAINMENT WALL

GROUND

SLOPE LOW POINT DRAIN

FIRE EXT.

FLEX HOSE

TI TT

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 1

GROUND

FIRE MONITOR

1

TO SAMPLING SYSTEM

ABSORBENT

LEGEND PCV = pressure control valve, ERV = emergency relief valve, VRV = vacuum relief valve, HLS = high level switch, HLA = high level alarm, LI - level indicator, LT = level transmitter, EBV = emergency block valve, TI = temperature indicator, TT = temperature transmitter, EBV = emergency block valve, FI = flow indicator, FT = flow transmitter, PI = pressure indicator, PT = pressure transmitter.

Tanks should be located to allow ample space to load and unload material, perform maintenance on the tank and to perform maintenance on adjacent tanks and equipment in the area. Spill containment is strongly recommended if the tank will be located in an area where a spill could find its way into a river, lake or aboveground/underground body of water.

REQUIRED ACCESSORIES Level Indicator Tanks should be equipped with a means of measuring the level inside the tank. Electronic or pneumatic level transmitters and internal float-type devices are recommended. External liquid column gauges constructed of polyethylene can be used if they are protected to prevent accidental breakage. The bottom should be fitted with a shut-off valve to be open only when reading the level. Glass devices are not recommended.

30

Pressure-Vacuum Relief Valves Located on top of the tank, this device is used to prevent damage to storage tanks due to pressure changes caused by filling or draining and by thermal expansion or contraction of the contents. This safety device is recommended for all closed bulk storage tanks. Nitrogen Pad-Depad System This system provides a dry nitrogen atmosphere in the vapor space of the tank. Nitrogen padding is recommended for glycerine storage tanks to prevent oxidation.

Air Dr yer System This system can be used in place of a nitrogen pad-depad system to maintain a moisture-free environment in the vapor space of the tank. The system utilizes a gel desiccant dryer such as silica gel on the tank vent to dry air going into the tank. Tank Heater If the glycerine tank will be located in a climate that routinely sees temperatures below 17° C (62.6°F), a tank heater will be required. For easier handling, glycerine can be kept at 32 to 49 ° C (90 to 120° F). Tank suction heaters or recirculating heat exchanges are recommended. A tank heater must be controlled to prevent temperatures above 54° C (130° F). This can be done by using hot water or desuperheated steam. The higher temperatures for a prolonged period of time will cause degradation of the product.

PIPE DESIGN CRITERIA Piping Piping should be designed to minimize the number of potential leak points (flanges, screwed connections, couplings, etc.). Piping systems should be installed to drain to low points and have valves to allow easy clearing of the pipe for maintenance. To ensure product quality, never manifold glycerine with other products. All piping should be dedicated for glycerine only.

Stainless steel schedule 10 is the recommended material of construction to ensure product quality. Welded seamless pipe is also recommended. Screwed piping can be used, but pipe “dopes” should be avoided to prevent product contamination. Valves should be placed to allow easy access and operation. If the piping will be located where ambient temperatures can fall below 17°C (62.6°F), then tracing and insulation should be used. Glycerine flows well at temperatures of 32 to 49°C (90 to 120°F). Any pipe heating system should have an upper limit to prevent excess temperatures above 54°C (130°F). Higher temperatures over prolonged periods can cause degradation of glycerine. Pumps For normal operations, a centrifugal pump is recommended for use with glycerine. If the glycerine will be stored at lower temperatures, it will be more viscous and a positive displacement pump such as a gear pump is recommended. The material of construction should be stainless steel. Flowmeters If it is desirable to measure the flow of glycerine in the piping system, a flowmeter is recommended. Common types of meters that work well with glycerine include positive-displacement (gear) meters, mass-flow meters and orifice meters. Sight glasses are not recommended.

drop. Filter elements can be constructed of cotton, polyester, polypropylene, nylon or stainless steel screen. Element pore sizes of 10 to 75 microns are recommended. Hoses Hoses used for loading and unloading of glycerine should be made of reinforced elastomer with cross-linked polyethylene liner. Flexible corrugated stainless steel may also be used. Hoses should be dedicated to glycerine service to avoid product contamination, and should be rated to withstand the operating pressure of the pump. Hoses should be capped at both ends when not in use to keep dirt and moisture from entering the hose and causing product contamination. Gaskets Gaskets made with Teflon(1) fluoropolymers and Viton(1) fluoroelastomers are recommended for use with glycerine. Valves Gate, ball, plug and butterfly valves can be used in glycerine service. The valves should be constructed of stainless steel to ensure product quality and should be designed so that no internal lubrication is necessary. Check valves are not recommended for use with glycerine due to the viscosity of the product.

Filters To ensure clean product, filters are desirable. Filters should be large enough to handle the desired product flow with a low pressure

(1 )

31

Trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company

PRODUCT

STEWARDSHIP

The Dow Chemical Company has a fundamental concern for all who make, distribute and use its products, and for the environment in which we live. This concern is the basis for our Product Stewardship philosophy by which we assess the health and environmental information on our products and take appropriate steps to protect employee and public health, and our environment. Our Product Stewardship program rests with each and every individual involved with Dow products – from initial concept and research, to the manufacture, use, sale and disposal of each product. ®

RESPONSIBLE CARE

Dow has a long-standing policy to ensure that its operations do not have an adverse impact on the community or the environment. To uphold this policy, Dow is committed to Responsible Care®, a continuing effort by the chemical industry to improve the responsible management of chemicals. Under Responsible Care®, Dow complies with ten guiding principles and six codes of practice that cover all aspects of research,

Responsible Care® is a ed service mark of the Chemical Manufacturers Association.

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development, manufacture, distribution, transportation, use and disposal of products. The principles also extend to prompt reporting, customer counseling, community awareness, of external research, participation with government and other organizations and promotion of Responsible Care® principles worldwide.

CUSTOMER NOTICE Dow strongly encourages its customers to review both their manufacturing processes and their applications of Dow products from the standpoint of human health and environmental quality to help ensure that Dow products are not used in ways for which they are not intended or tested. Dow personnel are prepared to assist customers in dealing with ecological and product safety considerations. Dow product literature, including Material Safety Data Sheets, should be consulted prior to use of Dow products. Your Dow representative can arrange the proper s, or write to the Dow location nearest you.

FOR MORE INFORMATION To learn more about Dow Synthetic Glycerine products, the Dow Customer Information Group at 1-800-441-4DOW (4369). In Europe, call 41-1-728-2111. An expert in the field of glycerine chemistry will be happy to answer your questions and evaluate your potential applications.

For additional information in the U.S. and Canada, call 1-800 - 441- 4DOW (4369). In Mexico, call 95- 800 - 441- 4369. In Europe, call 41-1-728 -2111.

NOTICE: No freedom from any patent owned by Seller or others is to be inferred. Because use conditions and applicable laws may differ from one location to another and may change with time, Customer is responsible for determining whether products and the information in this document are appropriate for Customer’s use and for ensuring that Customer’s workplace and disposal practices are in compliance with applicable laws and other governmental enactments. Seller assumes no obligation or liability for the information in this document. NO WARRANTIES ARE GIVEN; ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED. Published November 1999

The Dow Chemical Company, 2040 Dow Center, Midland, Michigan 48674 Dow Chemical Canada Inc., 1086 Modeland Rd., P.O. Box 1012, Sarnia, Ontario, N7T 7K7, Canada Dow Quimica Mexicana, S.A . de C.V., Torre Optima – Mezzanine, Av. Paseo de Las Palmas No. 405, Col. Lomas de Chapultepec, 11000 Mexico, D.F., Mexico Dow Europe S.A., Bachtobelstr. 3, CH- 8810 Horgen, Switzerland

Printed in U.S.A.

*Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company.

CH 131-121-E-1199X