Holding Lesson Outline 69343b

Holding Lesson Outline 

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What is holding? o The process of Delaying the forward movement of an aircraft, in order to have a good progression of traffic under the IFR environment o According to the instrument flying handbook, holding is a predetermined maneuver which keeps aircrafts within a specified airspace while awaiting further Clearance from ATC o Usually consist of a race track structure What is the Purpose of Holding? o What are some real life situations where holding is done?  Weather delay  Traffic buildup  Waiting for a clearance  Burn excess fuel  Mechanical issues (Landing Gear) What are the 2 basic types of Holding Patterns? o Standard  These could be either  Published o If not sure about holding clearance always ask ATC and double check o Pilot is expected to let ATC know when arriving at the holding fix and leaving the holding fix o ATC usually lets the aircraft know prior to 5 minutes about Holding clearance  What are the elements of a holding clearance?  Holding Fix (Any point that can be identified)  The Course the aircraft will hold on  Direction of hold (Cardinal Directions)  Turn Direction (Left or Right) o All turns will be standard rate  Length in Time or DME of hold o *Standard is Right turns for 1 minute  Expect further clearance time is also given at the end of this clearance. o Why is that important?  Situational awareness… request priority because of fuel?  Lost Communications: The time one would

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proceed with the approach o Pilot is in charge of performing the 5 T’s which is discussed later  Non Published  Standard holding patterns are right turns and are usually 1 minute Non Standard  Left turn  Could consist of different times or distances

    Holding Pattern Phraseology o Holding Side:  Side where ATC expects the aircraft to be, therefore this is your protected airspace. o Non-holding Side:  Flight into this area should be avoided. o Fix  Origination point for the Hold  Types of holding fixes? o VOR intersection o VOR with a given DME o NDB intersection o Marker Beacon o GPS point o Holding course  Course issued to you by ATC. This course is usually lined up with the continuance of the approach in mind. This is the course you will fly Inbound on. o Inbound Course  During standard holding this is the leg that is ideally 1 minute long. Timing starts when wings level and abeam the fix o Outbound Course  The opposite direction of your inbound direction  This is the leg a pilot adjusts to maintain 1 minute inbound. o Keep in mind, pattern entry count as the 1 st turn in holding o Minimum Holding Altitude  Lowest holding altitude prescribed for a holding pattern  Assures Nav coverage  Assures communication  Meets obstacle clearence

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What are the Standard Holding Pattern Airspeeds?

Altitude (MSL) o

Airspeed (KIAS)

MHA - 6,000'

200

6,001' - 14,000'

230

14,001' and above

265

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exceptions to the maximum holding airspeeds: Holding patterns from 6,001' to 14,000' may be restricted to a maximum airspeed 210 KIAS. This nonstandard pattern

will be depicted by an icon. Holding patterns may be restricted to a maximum speed. The speed restriction is depicted in parenthesis inside the holding pattern on the chart: e.g., (175).  What if the aircraft cannot meet refrain from approaching these maximums? o Let ATC know about it Holding patterns at USAF airfields only - 310 KIAS maximum Holding patterns at Navy fields only - 230 KIAS maximum

What are some different ways of holding? o Timed Holding  Inbound Leg  Standard 1 minute below 14,000ft  1.5 minutes above 14000ft  Outbound Leg  Timing Begins over/abeam the fix whichever occurs later  If the abeam position cannot be determine, start the timing when turn to outbound is completed

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GPS holding  Distance measured directly from the the Fix  Usually 5nm holds DME holding  Holding using DME information to figure out the Holding Fix

What are the 3 standard holding entry procedures? o Direct: the only turn needed to enter the pattern is the correct turn on the fix. o Parallel: When approaching the fix from anywhere in section A, a parallel entry will be used. Fly parallel course for 1 minute then turn more than 180 back to intercept course. o Teardrop: When approaching the fix from section B, Teardrop will be used. Fly 1 minute 30 degrees off of outbound course the turn and intercept holding course.

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Can we enter a hold in any other way? o Yes, as long as we stay within the holding airspace

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What are the 5 T’s of holding? o Turn: Enter and then turn to the outbound course  All turns during the hold should be the least out of the following  3 degrees per second or standard rate  30 degrees bank angle  25 degrees bank provided a flight director system is used o Time: Begin timing on outbound leg when abeam and wings level. Timing on the inbound leg is most important, start when wings level. o Twist: Twist OBS setting to inbound course. Also twist WCA. o Throttle: Speed should be adjusted to holding speed  Start speed reduction 3 minutes or less from the holding fix o Talk: ATC Reporting Requirements: Required to report the time and altitude upon reaching the holding fix. Also must report leaving the fix.

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Wind Correction: Hardest Part about holding o These patterns have been described in no wind conditions, how will wind change holding pattern procedures? o The Goal: Keep the inbound leg the same.

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 Avoid major turning adjustments Headwinds and tailwinds will affect this greatly. Before holding entry, determine the headwind or tailwind component on your inbound leg.  1knot of headwind component= 2 second change on outbound leg. Correcting while in holding:  The amount of time off on the inbound leg x2= amount of time correction on outbound leg. Wind Correction Angle  To compensate for crosswinds note the WCA on the inbound leg and triple that for the outbound leg.  Why Triple?

How to draw your Own holding Fix 1. Start at the FIX 2. Draw the specified direction from the fix, then show an arrow on it towards the fix (direction of the inbound leg) 3. Show the direction of the turn at the fix 4. Note any other details

Example of a Holding Clearance