Ingles-proyecto Carro Control Remoto Por Radiofrecuencia1 5m444a

ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE CÓMPUTO SECTION OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER SYSTEMS MOBILE

Project Radio Frequency Remote Control Car Students: Blanca Hilda Castro Morales Yolanda Domínguez Martínez Tania Karina Hernández Heredia Erick Raúl Nava Figueroa Eduardo Rivero Castro Daniel Ángel Sarmiento Jiménez

Teacher: M. en C. Rodolfo Romero Herrera

Subject: Fundamentals of Mobile Communications

February 10, 2015

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“The Technical Service Homeland”

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Pages

INDEX

3

ABSTRACT

4

ABSTRACT

5

KEYWORDS

6

INTRODUCTION

7

OBJECTIVES

8

MATERIAL

8

METHODOLOGY

9-16

RESULTS

17

CONCLUSIONS

18

REFERENCES

19

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ABSTRACT

The rise and growth of telecommunications increasingly opening doors exploring new design alternatives that meet the requirements on bandwidth, efficiency, speed, economy, the new millennium. In the last decade, a revolutionary new theory: fractals, has broken through, proposing models for the design of antennas allowing the implementation of new and improved services on mobile systems.

This paper describes the design of a fractal antenna with a frequency of 2400 MHz frequency. Waclaw described by fractal Spierpiński used. The initial figure, also known as seed, was fractionated using equilateral triangles in order to generate a perimeter resembling a significant portion of the wavelength. Using λ (lambda) to determine a suitable perimeter reduces resistance to radiation. λ based on the appropriate number of iterations is calculated for the antenna design.

Fractal antennas were originally designed for mobile applications for their multiband characteristics due to its design and size that allow them to work in different bands efficiently. The perimeter of the fractal antenna is related to the perimeter of the initial triangle and this in turn with the door

We carry out a project that requires the use of a communication radio frequency remote control car, where we learn to use the transmitter and receiver modules are required

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ABSTRACT

Fractal geometry has grown rapidly, playing unsuspected areas since Benoit Mandelbrot fractal creator of the term and the father of that geometry began to unite the isolated work of great mathematicians, convinced of its usefulness. According to Mandelbrot a fractal can be defined as: "Having a form, either highly irregular, interrupted or highly fragmented and remains so at any scale that consideration occurs"

Fractal the term refers to a category. It is an adjective that means the evidence of certain properties owned by the categorized object. However, it is often used to refer to the object. Some of these properties are: autosimilidad, fractional dimension and not derivability. The self-similarity, tells us that the object studied has reduced copies of itself to different scales, therefore, each part of the package or object contains the same information as the whole.

The fractional dimension, important property and the other is off, takes us into more abstract mathematical grounds: topology, which depart from the scope of this article. However we can say that the figures, curves and fractal sets defy the Euclide and geometry, and plunging into space dimensions that can be fractional

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KEYWORDS

Iteration act of repeating a process in order to achieve a desired goal, objective or outcome. Each repetition of the process is also called an "iteration", and the results of an iteration are used as starting point for the next iteration

Inactive area: the area created by ing the midpoints of the base triangle

Fractal Antenna: is an antenna that uses a fractal, designed to maximize the distance or perimeter that can receive or transmit in a given volume or surface

Triangle Sierpinskii: communication system, is extracted from a triangle equilateral triangle formed by the midpoints of the original. To the resulting triangles are subject to the same procedure and thus continues indefinitely

The fractal dimension is an exponent that realizes how completely a fractal appears to fill the space under the first expands into finer and finer scales. No single fractal dimension, but a number of dimensions that often results equivalent but not always

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INTRODUCTION

In the Mobile Communications Systems (phones, radio telephones, etc) is vital rational use of space. However, a crucial element of the system that uses much of that space is the antenna. Antennas are essentially narrowband devices. Their behavior is highly dependent on antenna size and operating wave length. This means that for a fixed size antenna, the main antenna parameters (gain, input impedance, pattern figure, level and side lobe distribution) will suffer significant variations when the operating frequency is changed. The size of an antenna is always closely related to the wavelength band to be transmitted through this; is why it is not possible to use a single antenna at different frequencies.

Fractals allow deg multiband antennas, antennas with fractal geometry containing a single object, copies of itself in different sizes, and this allows the same behavior at different frequencies are obtained. One of the basic properties of a fractal object is self-similarity. A fractal body consists of copies of itself in a reduced scale factor. The multiband antennas resort to the principle of scalability.

The size dependence of the wavelength is a problem in many prior systems where antenna designs are not suitable. In that sense, the design of antennas and arrays Fractals can help treat the problem, contributing a large and varied set of geometric figures with amazing properties.

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OBJECTIVES

This project consists of a car with remote control, which can be managed remotely via the RWS233 (receiver) and TWS433 (transmitter) modules.

MATERIAL

Modulo Issuer  Module TWS433  HT12E Encoder  Push  fractal antenna  resistor 1M and 10K  4 Push Button Receiver module  Modules RWS233  Decoder HT12D  LED (4)  47K resistor and 330 for the LED  Fractal Antenna General       

Welding Tweezers 1M resistors (1), 47K (1), 330 (1) and 10K Chassis to cart To the car two DC motors SN75441 engine driver 2 Power Supply

Note: all integrated supply 5 volts

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METHODOLOGY FRACTAL ANTENNA The use of fractal antenna design provides several benefits to device manufacturers tend to miniaturization. Techniques as curves allow creation Koch fractal long enough to approach practical values of λ (lambda) and also exceed the power limit of small antennas through efficient geometric distribution (Balanis, 2005). Fractal Antenna Sierpinski triangle, Communication Systems

Fractal geometry was described in 1975 by Benoît B. Mandelbrot in contrast to Euclidean geometry that dominated for many years (González & Guerrero, 2001). This different view of geometry attempts to mathematically describe objects and phenomena that would be too complex to describe in Euclidean geometry as the length of an island, a fern, functional signs of an electrocardiogram; or simply chaotic as the "Brownian" movement There are several techniques for creating fractals: Koch curves, snowflakes Koch Spierpiński triangles. The latter technique was made for convenience, however, the comparison of the fractal antenna efficiency by different techniques is a topic of interest For the construction of fractal you start with an initial figure known as seed. In this figure generator applies a certain degree of iteration and finally to obtain the desired shape (Brenes & Corrales, 1991) The final figure will serve as a model to design the fractal antenna. Efficiently using space antenna has a perimeter sufficiently long compared λ which causes resistance to radiation increases, decreases reactive power and efficiency of radiation increases (Poprzen & Gacanovic, 2000) It starts with a square of side representing the base plate on which we will embed the antenna. For simplicity and symmetry, the geometric figure is a square (Figure 1). The square container is a kind of the antenna and is used to have a value of length of the plate relative to the fractal antenna is embedded

Figure 1

Figure 2

At the point where the bisectors intersect two adjacent sides of the central point of the square is obtained and proceeds to draw a circle of radius and an inscribed equilateral triangle (Figure 2). This triangle is called base or initial triangle and has a triangle side. Being oyr the center and the radius of the circle respectively r length and has a maximum value rests with the designer especially if it is desirable to leave a space between the frame plate and the vertices of the triangle base angle . It is also important to determine whether space for antenna connector is required for this exercise no interference radiation of the same

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Iteration zero (n = 0) Iteration zero is defined to have the initial Give you figure without any change (Figure 3). For each iteration the value of which determines the number of iteration, iteration at zero and so on increases. Therefore, in iteration zero equilateral triangle having a side

Figure 3 Iteration zero (n = 0)

At each iteration an active area and an inactive area within the triangle was identified basis. The active area is the one on which can be divided by the triangles ing the midpoints of the sides. In the zero iteration, the entire area of the equilateral triangle is active The inactive area is the area created by ing the midpoints of the base triangle. This area in turn belongs to another equilateral triangle that result from the union of these points. After one iteration, the procedure is repeated to all active triangles that increase in amount per iteration as will be discussed below The zero iteration readily identifies the perimeter (4) and area (5) of the triangle base that follows from the application of the Pythagorean theorem

Initial iteration (n = 1) The initial iteration or one iteration process divided into two equal sides of the triangle from the previous iteration (initial figure) and connect the dots to form another equilateral triangle is defined, and these in turn form, together with the respective sides figure initial three equilateral triangles (Figure 4). The triangle formed by the ing points describes an area which is inactivated and can not be divided. The remaining triangles are created and active areas may be split into the next iteration

Figure 4 Initial iteration (n = 1)

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Nth iteration (n) For a given iteration n, which is identified triangles are active and proceeds to divide each side of each triangle into two equal parts and then the points of each triangle forming bind four triangles respectively as observed in the initial iteration. As the center triangle, formed by the union of the points mentioned above, is characterized by an inactive area. The other three triangles represent the active part which form the fractal antenna Each iteration creates triangles (6) describing exponential growth. Area formulas (7) and perimeter (8) are described in of the base triangle. For each iteration increases the number of triangles and the area and perimeter of triangles increases in turn. It should be noted that the perimeter tends to infinity (9) creating considerably longer length antennas in confined spaces

Fractal antenna 2400 MHz After reviewing the fractionation technique used in triangles Spierpiński is necessary to determine the amount of iteration to answer the question how many iterations are required to design an antenna 2400 MHz? To answer this question requires obtaining the value of λ for the frequency in question (11) value you can get the antenna length (Table 1).

Table 1. Relationship between lambda and the length of the antenna

Fractal antennas were originally designed for mobile applications for their multiband characteristics due to its design and size that allow them to work in different bands efficiently (Polanco, 2002) The design of the antenna is related to the operating frequency for a monopole design operated at 2400 MHz fundamental vibration of the quarter wave () provides current node (belly voltage) at the end of the antenna and a belly intensity (voltage node) at the level of the ground (Guilbert, 1976). Based on this, the perimeter of the fractal antenna design should have a length of 3.125 meters. The perimeter of the fractal antenna is related to the perimeter of the initial triangle and this in turn with the door. Shows that the perimeter resembling quarter wavelength of 3.125 is found above the fifth iteration. However, for greater accuracy of the length of the antenna and the quarter wave length can be equal to 3.125 and obtain a more accurate value for the sample in question (14, 15, 16).

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The new value is divided into three to obtain the value which will permit a fractal perimeter with an identical wavelength (17).

Variation is 3.7174211 centimeter, should not be able to extend because no board space is required iterate again, n = 6, and perimeter cut with small values. Finally five iterations applying to the base figure, the design of the desired fractal antenna (Sierpinski Figure 5) is obtained

Figure 5. Fractal antenna Prototype 2400 MHz.

Table 2. List of Nn and Pn for La = 0.1 [m] and Pi = 0.3 [m]

OPERATION OF THE ISSUER

The transmitter module consists of TWS433, integrated HT12E and 4 push button, which will make showing the movement of the car. The HT12E is responsible for encoding the signal of the push button, which will be sent by the TWS433. Previously the module transmitter and receiver must be in the same address data, which are both integrated pin 1 to 9, these must be connected to GND. The push button must be connected to the data input and must be connected to VCC (+ 5V)

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OPERATION OF RECEIVER

EL receiver module consists RWS433, integrated HT12D and leds. The HT12D is responsible for decoding the signal received by the RWS433 and according to the bit transmitted this deliver 5 volts at the output corresponding to the push button I power. To set the scope thereof the RWS433 consists of a variable coil which increases or decreases in scope, to see this is to be connected to pin 17 of HT12D the LED with the respective resistance (330). To receive data must have the same address data the transmitter module.

Note: For both cases you can put the fractal antenna

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MOTOR DRIVER

The motor control consists of integrated SN75441, which is an H BRIDGE, which facilitates the realization of the board and all you need to calculate is the peak current as this integrated s a maximum of 2 Ampere.

This is the division of the integrated legs

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Calculations

La antena fractal depende del número de iteración y de su tamaño para poder determinar la distancia de transmisión, en los siguientes datos se puede observar los cálculos realizados para una antena de 5cm. Can be obtained This is to cover the moor 95 cm. And iteration formulas we have decided the third iteration so we get 27. This information is obtained triangles follows wherein n=3. To obtain the perimeter of the plate we have: Pi=3*La=3*0.05m (is the measurement on each side of the plate) n=3 Calculating have the following formula

( )

=

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RESULTS

In this paper the properties having a fractal antenna mentioned. Folder and triangle Sierpinskii by iterative geometric means are defined and verified that fractals are using the metric. The importance of these concepts for electronics through its application in antenna is illustrated. However, a crucial element of the system that uses much of that space is the antenna.

At last he reached the goal of radio frequency remote control car. An unexpected solution to this problem was to build antennas Fractals, which are more compact and have certain properties that make them preferable to traditional antennas.

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CONCLUSIONS

The objective of using Fractals antennas is to extend the frequency bands in mobile systems. Using an antenna for each band is unhelpful and is looking to have a single antenna that works for various frequencies. The application of fractal antenna design offers many advantages, such as miniaturization and multi-band. Also, have a practical method of creating fractal antennas can accelerate the design and assembly of devices requiring compact antennas with efficient use of space

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REFERENCES

Mandelbrot, Benoit. Fractals objects in the Balanis, CA (2005) nature. Antenna Theory: analysis and design. New Jersey 3rd Ed. Wiley.

Gonzalez, V. & A. Guerrero, A. (2001). Fractals: Fundamentals and Applications. Part I: geometric Concepción in science and engineering in

Brenes, G & Corrales, V (1991). Technology in Motion. Vol. 11, no. 1. 1991. p.41-51.

Poprzen, N & Gacanovic M (2000). Fractal Antenna: design, características and application. Taken from: http: //www.phd. etfbl.net/files/Works_PDF/Poprzen%20Nemanja%20.pdf

Polanco, Jeyson (2002). Computer window. No. 10. P. 111-120.

Guilbert, CH. (1976). The Practice of antennas. Barcelona: Ediciones Marcombo Techniques

Pawar, Ajit A .; Jadhav, A .; Bhosale, J .; Khobragrade, S. & Anitha, V.R. (2011). Study of Fractal Antenna Sierpinski Carpet. Retrieved from: http://ursigass2011.org/abstracts/ursi/a02-2.pdf

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