Me6712 Mechatronics Lab Manual 2l6n7

MAR EPHRAEM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Malankara Hills, Elavuvilai– 629171

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY MANUAL ME6712 - MECHATRONICS LABORATORY

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ME6712 MECHATRONICS LABORATORY OBJECTIVES: To know the method of programming the microprocessor and also the design, modeling & analysis of basic electrical, hydraulic & pneumatic Systems which enable the students tounderstand the concept of mechatronics. LIST OF EXPERIMENTS: 1. Assembly language programming of 8085 – Addition – Subtraction – Multiplication – Division – Sorting – Code Conversion. 2. Stepper motor interface. 3. Traffic light interface. 4. Speed control of DC motor. 5. Study of various types of transducers. 6. Study of hydraulic, pneumatic and electro-pneumatic circuits. 7. Modelling and analysis of basic hydraulic, pneumatic and electrical circuits using Software. 8. Study of PLC and its applications. 9. Study of image processing technique. TOTAL : 45 PERIODS

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CONTENTS Expt. No

Title of the Experiment

Page No.

Signature

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

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CYCLE OF EXPERIMENTS CYCLE 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Arithmetic operation - addition using 8085 Arithmetic operation – subtraction using 8085 Arithmetic operation - multiplication using 8085 Sorting the numbers using 8085 Hexadecimal to decimal conversion Stepper motor controller Interfacing traffic light controller

CYCLE 2: 1. Experiment to determine force exerted by the pneumatic piston at various pressures 2. Experiment to determine velocity of the piston operated by compressed air 3. Sequencing of two pneumatic cylinders using manually operated directional control valve 4. Sequencing of two pneumatic cylinders using electro pneumatic trainer kit (without timer) 5. Sequencing of two pneumatic cylinders using electro pneumatic trainer kit (with timer) 6. Sequencing of two pneumatic cylinders using PLC 7. Design a pneumatic two-cylinder sequencing circuit using automation studio software 8. Design a pneumatic three-cylinder sequencing circuit using automation studio software STUDY EXPERIMENTS: 1. Sequencing of two pneumatic cylinders using tech-soft software 2. Design a pneumatic two-cylinder sequencing circuit using pneumosim software 3. Study on Image Processing

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Experiment No:

ARITHMETIC OPERATION - ADDITION USING 8085

AIM:

To write Assembly Language Program to add two 8-bit numbers in various addressing modes using 8085 8 BIT ADDITION - IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING MODE ALGORITHM: Steps: 1. Clear any for carry (Commonly C is used). 2. Get the immediate values in any standard s (A, B, D....). 3. Perform addition by adding A with other operand which is stored in any s & result is stored default in A . 4. Check if carry flag is set; then increment the C value & store both the values (A & C) in any memory location. Go to step 6. 5. Otherwise store the value of C & A in any memory location. 6. Execute stop instruction. MNEMONICS: MVI C, 00H MVI A, A6H MVI B, B6H ADD B JNC L1 INR C L1: STA memory location. MOV A, C STA next memory location. HLT 8 BIT ADDITION-DIRECT ADDRESSING MODE ALGORITHM: Steps: 1. Clear any for carry. 2. Load the accumulator with the value stored in the memory location. 3. Move the data in accumulator to some other . 4. Again, load the accumulator with the value stored in the next memory location. 5. Add values in accumulator and predefined value. 6. Check if carry flag is set; then increment the C value & store both the values (A &C) in any memory location. Go to step 8. 7. Otherwise store the value of A & C in any memory location.

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8.

Execute stop instruction.

MNEMONICS: MVI C, 00 LDA memory location MOV B, A LDA next memory location ADD B JNC L1 INR C L1: STA next memory location. MOV A, C STA next memory location. HLT 8 BIT ADDITION- IN DIRECT ADDRESSING MODE ALGORITHM: Steps: 1. Clear any for carry. 2. Get the memory location in 16-bit . 3. Move the data in that memory location to the Accumulator. 4. Then, increment the memory location. 5. Add the data in the location with the accumulator value 6. Check if carry flag is set, then increment the C value & store both the values (A & C) in any memory location. Go to step 8. 7. Otherwise store the value of C & A in any memory location. 8. Execute stop instruction. MNEMONICS: MVI C, 00 LXI H, memory location MOV A, M INX H ADD M JNC L1 INR C L1: STA next memory location. MOV A, C STA next memory location. HLT 16-BIT ADDITION WITHOUT USING DAD INSTRUCTION ALGORITHM: Steps:

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Clear any for carry Get the 16-bit data & store it in any memory location. Using any two 8-bit add the lower order bytes & store it in memory locations. Add the higher order bytes with previous carry & store it in next memory locations. Check if carry flag is set, then increment the carry & store the value in next memory location. Execute stop instruction.

MNEMONICS: MVI A, 00H STA memory location (SAY 4300) LXIH, memory location (SAY430) MOV C, M INX H MOV B, M INX H MOV E, M INX H MOV D, M MOV A, E ADD C MOV L, A MOV A, D ADC B MOV H, A JNC L1 MVI A, 01H STA memory location (SAY 4300) STA memory location (SAY 4301) HLT 16-BIT ADDITION USING DAD INSTRUCTION ALGORITHM: Steps: 1. Clear any for carry 2. Load the 16-bit data & store it in any 16-bit . 3. Directly add the two 16-bit data using DAD instruction. 4. Check if carry flag is set, then increment the carry & store both the value in any memory location. Go to step 6. 5. Otherwise store the value of C & A in any memory location. 6. Execute stop instruction MNEMONICS:

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LXI D, FFFF LXI H, 1111 MVI C, 00H DAD D JNC L1 INR C L1: SHLD memory location. MOV A, C STA next two memory location HLT

RESULT:

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Experiment No: AIM:

1. 2.

ARITHMETIC OPERATION – SUBTRACTION USING 8085

To write Assembly Language Program to subtract two 8-bit numbers in various addressing modes using 8085 To write Assembly Language Program to subtract two 16-bit numbers

8 BIT SUBTRACTION - IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING MODE ALGORITHM: Steps: 1. Clear any for carry (Commonly C is used). 2. Get the immediate values in any standard s (A, B, D....). 3. Perform subtraction by subtracting A with other operand which is stored in any s & result is stored default in A . 4. Check if carry flag is set; then increment the C value & store both the values (A & C) in any memory location. Go to step 6. 5. Otherwise store the value of C & A in any memory location. 6. Execute stop instruction. MNEMONICS: MVI C, 00H MVI A, A6H MVI B, B6H SUB B JNC L1 INR C L1: STA memory location. MOV A, C STA next memory location. HLT 8 BIT SUBTRACTION-DIRECT ADDRESSING MODE ALGORITHM: Steps: 1. Clear any for carry. 2. Load the accumulator with the value stored in the memory location. 3. Move the data in accumulator to some other . 4. Again, load the accumulator with the value stored in the next memory location. 5. Subtract the values in accumulator and predefined value. 6. Check if carry flag is set; then increment the C value & store both the values (A &C) in any memory location. Go to step 8. 7. Otherwise store the value of A & C in any memory location. 8. Execute stop instruction.

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MNEMONICS: MVI C, 00 LDA memory location MOV B, A LDA next memory location SUB B JNC L1 INR C L1: STA next memory location. MOV A, C STA next memory location. HLT 8 BIT SUBTRACTION- IN DIRECT ADDRESSING MODE ALGORITHM: Steps: 1. Clear any for carry. 2. Get the memory location in 16-bit . 3. Move the data in that memory location to the Accumulator. 4. Then, increment the memory location. 5. Subtract the data in the location with the accumulator value 6. Check if carry flag is set, then increment the C value & store both the values (A & C) in any memory location. Go to step 8. 7. Otherwise store the value of C & A in any memory location. 8. Execute stop instruction MNEMONICS: MVI C, 00 LXI H, memory location MOV A, M INX H SUB M JNC L1 INR C L1: STA next memory location. MOV A, C STA next memory location. HLT 16-BIT SUBTRACTION ALGORITHM: Steps: 1. Clear any for carry 2. Get the 16-bit data & store it in any memory location.

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3. 4. 5. 6.

Using any two 8-bit add the lower order bytes & store it in memory locations. Subtract the higher order bytes with previous carry & store it in next memory locations. Check if carry flag is set, then increment the carry & store the value in next memory location. Execute stop instruction.

MNEMONICS: MVI A, 00H STA memory location (SAY 4300) LXIH, memory location (SAY430) MOV C, M INX H MOV B, M INX H MOV E, M INX H MOV D, M MOV A, E SUB C MOV L, A MOV A, D SBB B MOV H, A JNC L1 MVI A, 01H STA memory location (SAY 4300) STA memory location (SAY 4301) HLT 16-BIT ADDITION USING DAD INSTRUCTION ALGORITHM: Steps: 1. Clear any for carry 2. Load the 16-bit data & store it in any 16-bit . 3. Directly add the two 16-bit data using DAD instruction. 4. Check if carry flag is set, then increment the carry & store both the value in any memory location. Go to step 6. 5. Otherwise store the value of C & A in any memory location. 6. Execute stop instruction MNEMONICS: LXI D, FFFF LXI H, 1111

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MVI C, 00H DAD D JNC L1 INR C L1: SHLD memory location. MOV A, C STA next two memory location HLT

RESULT:

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Experiment no: AIM:

ARITHMETIC OPERATION - MULTIPLICATION USING 8085

To write Assembly Language Programs 1. To perform 8 bit/16bit multiplication by using repeated addition method. 2. To perform 8 bit/16bit division by using repeated subtraction method.

8-BIT MULIPLICATION BY REAPEATED ADDITION ALGORITHM: Steps: 1. Clear accumulator & any for carry 2. Get 2 data & consider one as count. 3. Add the second data to the accumulator with carry & simultaneously decrement the count . 4. Check if the count is equal to zero then, store the accumulator value & the carry value. Stop the execution. 5. Else repeat the steps from 3. MNEMONICS: LDA memory location MOV C, A LDA next memory location MOV B, A MVI A, 00H MVI D, 00H L2: ADD B JNC L1 INR D L1: DRC C JNZ L2 STA next memory location MOV A, D STA next memory location HLT 8-BIT DIVISION BY REPEATED SUBTRACTION ALGORITHM Steps: 1. Clear any for carry. 2. Get a data in accumulator and another data in any other reg. 3. Compare both the data. 4. If carry is set, go to step 6. 5. Else subtract the numbers & increment carry reg.Go to step 3. 6. Store the quotient (carry ) & remainder (accumulator) in some memory location.

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7.

Execute stop instruction.

MNEMONICS: MVI C, #00 MVI A, #15 MVI B, #03 L1: CMP B JC L2 SUB B INRC JMP L1 L2: STA next memory location MOV A, C STA next memory location HLT 16-BIT MULTIPLICATION BY REPEATED ADDITION ALGORITHM: Steps: 1. Clear any for carry. 2. Get the 16-bit data & consider one as count. 3. Using DAD instruction, add the second data to the accumulator with carry & simultaneously decrement the count reg. 4. Check if count is equal to zero then, store the accumulator value & the carry value. stop the execution 5. Else repeat the steps from 3 6. Execute stop instruction. MNEMONICS:

LXI B, 0000 LXI D, FFFF LXI SP, 1111 LXI H, 0000 L2: DAD SP JNCL1 INX B L1: DCX D MOV A, D ORA E JNZ L2 SHLD memory location MOV A, C STA next two memory location MOV A, B STA next memory location

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HLT 16-BIT DIVISION BY REPEATED SUBTRACTION ALGORITHM: Steps: 1. Clear any for storing remainder. 2. Get the two 16-bit data 3. Get a LSB 8-bit data in accumulator and another data in other reg 4. Compare both the data. 5. If carry is set, go to step 7. 6. Else subtract the numbers & increment carry reg. Go to step 4. 7. Store the quotient (carry ) & remainder (accumulator) in some memory location. 8. Get the MSB 8-bit data & continue the steps 4 to 7. 9. Execute stop instruction. MNEMONICS

LXI BC,0000 LXI HL,#16 BIT DATA LXI DE, #16 BIT DATA MOV A,H L2 CMP D JC L1 MOV A,L SUB E MOV L,A MOV A,H SBB D MOV H,A INX B JMP L2 L1 SHLD 16 BIT ADDRESS MOV A,B STA NEXT ADDRESS MOV A,C STA NEXT ADDRESS HLT

RESULT:

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Experiment No: AIM:

SORTING THE NUMBERS USING 8085

To write Assembly Language Program using 8085 1. To sort the given numbers in ascending order. 2. To sort the given numbers in descending order

ASCENDING ORDER ALGORITHM: Steps: 1. Get the no. of data as count. Initialize the pointer value 2. Get the array of data 3. Compare the first 2 data 4. Place the smallest number in the accumulator 5. Decrement the count. Check if count = 0 then go to step 7 6. Get the data & compare with accumulator. Go to step4 7. Decrement the pointer Assign the value to count 8. Check if pointer value is not equal to zero, then go to step 3 9. Stop the execution. MNEMONICS:

LXI H, memory location MVI C, 05H DCR C L4: MOV D, C L2: MOV A, M INX H MOV B, M CMP B JNC L1 L3: DCR C JNZ L2 LXI H, memory location MOV C, D DCR C JNZ L4 JMP L5 L1: MOV A, B DCX H MOV B, M MOV M, A INX H MOV M, B JMP L3 L5: HLT

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DESCENDING ORDER ALGORITHM: Steps: 1. Get the no. of data as count. Initialize the pointer value 2. Get the array of data 3. Compare the first 2 data 4. Place the largest number in the accumulator 5. Decrement the count. Check if count = 0 then go to step 7 6. Get the data & compare with accumulator. Go to step4 7. Decrement the pointer Assign the value to count 8. Check if pointer value is not equal to zero, then go to step 3 9. Stop the execution. MNEMONICS:

RESULT:

LXI H, memory location MVI C, 05H DCR C L4: MOV D, C L2: MOV A, M INX H MOV B, M CMP B JC L1 L3: DCR C JNZ L2 LXI H, memory location MOV C, D DCR C JNZ L4 JMP L5 L1: MOV A, B DCX H MOV B, M MOV M, A INX H MOV M, B JMP L3 L5: HLT

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Experiment No: AIM:

HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION

To write an assembly language program to convert hexadecimal to decimal data using 8085-microprocessor kit. & Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8085 Microprocessor Kit Power Chord PROCEDURE: Step1: Start the program. Step2: Load data from memory to accumulator and move the data 00 to D and E s. Step3: Compare the accumulator data with the data 64. Step4: If carry=0 jump to Step 6 else jump to Step 5. Step5: Jump to Step 10. Step6: Subtract accumulator data by 64. Step6: Increment the content of D once. Step7: If carry=0 jump to Step 6 else jump to Step 9. Step8: Decrement the content of D once and add data 64 with accumulator. Step9: Subtract accumulator data by 0A and Increment E content once. Step10: If carry=0 jump to Step 10 and Decrement E content once. Step11: Add data 64 with accumulator and move it to C . Step12: Move E content to accumulator. Step13: Rotate the accumulator content 4 tines by left. Step14: Add C content with accumulator content. Step15: Store data in accumulator pair to specified memory Step16: Move D content to accumulator Step17: Store data in accumulator pair to specified memory. Step18: End. HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION: MNEMONICS MVI C,004 MOV B,C LXI H,4300 MOV A,M I 64 JC L1 SUI 64 INR C JMP L3 I 0A JC L2 SUI 0A

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INR B JMP L1 INX H MOV M,C INX H MOV M,B INX H MOV M,A HLT DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION MNEMONICS: LXI H 4300 MOV A, M MOV B, M ANI 0F MOV C, A MOV A, B RRC RRC RRC RRC ANI 0F MOV B, A XRA A CMP B JC L1 ADI OA DCR B JNZ L2 ADD C INX H MOV M , A HLT

RESULT:

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Experiment No: AIM:

STEPPER MOTOR CONTROLLER

To write a program for interfacing stepper motor and to run the motor in different directions and in different speeds.

ALGORITHM: Step1: Start the program. Step2: Load HL pair with memory address at look up. Step3: Move the contents of HL pair to accumulator. Step4: Out the contents of accumulator to run the motor. Step5: Decrease b . If content is not zero then rotate the motor continuously. Step6: If zero then move to the Beginning of the program. Step7: Stop the process. PROGRAM:

START: LXI H,LOOK UP MVI B, 04 REPT: MOV A,M OUT 0C0H LXI D, 0303H DELAY NOP DCX D MOV A,E ORA D JNZ DELAY INX H DCR B JNZ REPT JMP START LOOK UP: DB 09 05 06 0A

RESULT:

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Experiment No: AIM:

INTERFACING TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER

To interface a traffic light controller with microprocessor 8085 and to control the flow of traffic at a four-way junction.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Microprocessor kit 8085 +5V supply Traffic Light Controller Interfacing Kit. INTRODUCTION: The board is a simple contraption of a traffic control system wherein the signalling lights are simulated by the blinking ON-OFF control of light emitting diodes. The signalling lights for the pedestrian crossing are simulated by the ON-OFF control of dual colour light emitting diodes. A model of four road lane junction, the board has green, yellow and red LED which are the green, orange and red signals of the actual system. Twenty LEDs are used on the board. In addition, eight dual colour LEDs are used which can be made to change either to red or to green. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION: The control of the LED is as follows: The board communicates with the microprocessor trainer by means of a 26 core cable which is connected to the output of any parallel port of V1 range of trainers The outputs are the input to buffers 7406 whose outputs drive LEDs. The buffered output applied to the anode of the LEDs decides whether it is ON or OFF. The figure below shows the LED positions and the port lines which control the LED.

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PROGRAM:

ORG 4100H CNT EQU 0FH APRT EQU 0CH BPRT EQU 0DH RD EQU 0EH START: LXI H, DATA MVI C, 0C MOV A, M OUT CNT INX H LOOP1: MOV A,M OUT APRT INX H MOV A,M OUT BPRT CALL DELAY INX H DCR C JNZ LOOP1 JMP START DELAY: PUSH B MVI C, 05 LOOP3: LXI D, FFFF LOOP2: DCX D MOV A,D ORA E JNZ LOOP2 DCR C JNZ LOOP2 POP B RET 4500 80 1A A1 64 DATA DB 80, 1A, A1, 64 4504 A4 81 5A 64 A4, 81, 5A, 64 4508 54 8A B1 A8 DB 54, 8A, B1, A8 450C B4 88 DA 68 B4, 88, DA, 68 4510 D8 1A E8 46 DB D8, 1A, E8, 46 4514 E8 83 78 86 74 E8, 83, 78, 86, 74

RESULT:

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Experiment No:

EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE FORCE EXERTED BY THE PNEUMATIC PISTON AT VARIOUS PRESSURES

AIM:

To determine experimentally the force exerted by the piston at various pressures and the same with the theoretical value calculated. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Double Acting Pneumatic Cylinder Flow Control Valve Weights and Pulley Filter-Regulator-Lubricator Unit Polyurethane Tubes PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the FRL unit, Control valves, directional control valves and cylinders as shown in the circuit. 2. Adjust the FRL and set the pressure as 3 bars. 3. Operate the directional control valve so that the cylinder extends. 4. Add 1Kg weight to the hanger attached to the piston rod of cylinder and lift it by retracting the cylinder by operating the directional control valve. 5. Add more weights and observe the maximum weight the piston can lift corresponding to the pressure set. 6. Repeat the above procedure and take readings at pressure at 4, 5 and 6 bars and tabulate the readings. 7. Draw the graph between pressure and force exerted. FORMULA: Theoretical Force = Pressure applied (N/m2) X Area of the piston (m2) Actual Force = Mass (kg) X Acceleration due to gravity (m/s 2) % Difference = (Theoretical Force- Actual Force) / Theoretical Force

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CIRCUIT:

TABULATION: S. No.

Pressure in Bars

Theoretical Force (N)

Mass of Weights (kg)

Actual Force (N)

% Difference

Diameter of the cylinder, D=32mm Diameter of the piston, d=12mm RESULT:

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Experiment. No:

EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE VELOCITY OF THE PISTON OPERATED BY COMPRESSED AIR

AIM:

To determine experimentally the Velocity of the piston operated by Compressed air, for various flow rate of the air. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Double Acting Pneumatic Cylinder Flow Control Valve Timer setup Filter-Regulator-Lubricator Unit Polyurethane Tubes Proximity Sensors PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the FRL unit, Control valves, directional control valves and cylinders as shown in the circuit. 2. Keep the flow control valve slightly open. 3. Operate the directional control valve so that the cylinder extends and reaches the puter most position. 4. Now reset the timer unit. 5. Once again operate the directional control valve. 6. Note down the time taken by the return stroke. 7. Measure the distance between the two sensors. 8. Now open the flow control valve more and repeat the above procedure. 9. Repeat the same and take 3 or 4 sets of reading and tabulate the observed values. 10. Use the formulae and calculate the velocity for various openings. 11. Draw the graph between pressure and velocity. TABULATION:

Distance between the Proximity Sensors = ________ mm. S. No.

Pressure in Bars

Time taken (Secs)

Velocity (m/s)

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CIRCUIT:

FORMULA:

Velocity = Distance travelled (m) / Time taken (sec)

RESULT:

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Experiment No:

SEQUENCING OF TWO PNEUMATIC CYLINDERS USING MANUALLY OPERATED DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE

AIM:

To perform sequencing of two pneumatic cylinders (A and B) in the order of A +B+AB- using manually operated directional control valves. APPARATUS REQUIRED: FRL Unit Flow Control valve 5/3 manually operated directional control Valve Pilot Operated 5/2 directional control Valve 3/2 Poppet Valve with roller lever Double Acting Pneumatic Cylinder Polyurethane Tubes PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the FRL unit, Control valves, directional control valves and cylinders as shown in the circuit. 2. Adjust the FRL and set the pressure as 6 bars. 3. Operate the 5/3 valve from neutral position such that A+ occurs. 4. Observe that the cam releases the lever of the poppet valve 1 as soon as cylinder A extends. 5. When A+ is completed, the cam presses the lever of poppet valve 2 giving air supply to cylinder B and it extends to complete B + 6. Now operate the 5/3 valve so that B- occurs. 7. Observe how the cam operates now to complete A- automatically.

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CIRCUIT:

RESULT:

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Experiment No:

SEQUENCING OF TWO PNEUMATIC CYLINDERS USING ELECTRO PNEUMATIC TRAINER KIT (WITHOUT TIMER)

AIM:

To perform sequencing of two pneumatic cylinders (A and B) in the order of A +B+A-Busing electro pneumatic trainer kit. APPARATUS REQUIRED: FRL Unit Flow Control valve 5/3 solenoid operated directional control Valve 5/2 solenoid directional control Valve Electro pneumatic trainer Double Acting Pneumatic Cylinder Polyurethane Tubes and Electrical wires PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the FRL unit, Control valves, directional control valves and cylinders as shown in the circuit. 2. Give connections from 24V DC supply to relays and solenoids as shown in figures. 3. Adjust the FRL and set the pressure as 6 bars. 4. Switch on the electric supply. 5. Observe the sequencing of cylinders being carried out automatically.

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CIRCUIT:

RESULT:

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Experiment No:

SEQUENCING OF TWO PNEUMATIC CYLINDERS USING ELECTRO PNEUMATIC TRAINER KIT (WITH TIMER)

AIM:

To perform sequencing of two pneumatic cylinders (A and B) in the order of A +B+ and B-A- after 5 seconds using timer incorporated electro pneumatic trainer kit. APPARATUS REQUIRED: FRL Unit Flow Control valve 5/3 solenoid operated directional control Valve 5/2 solenoid directional control Valve Electro pneumatic trainer Double Acting Pneumatic Cylinder Polyurethane Tubes and Electrical wires PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the FRL unit, Control valves, directional control valves and cylinders as shown in the circuit. 2. Give connections from 24V DC supply to relays and solenoids as shown in figures. 3. Adjust the FRL and set the pressure as 6 bars. 4. Switch on the electric supply. 5. Observe the sequencing of cylinders being carried out automatically.

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CIRCUIT:

RESULT:

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Experiment No:

SEQUENCING OF TWO PNEUMATIC CYLINDERS USING PLC

AIM:

To perform sequencing of two pneumatic cylinders (A and B) in the order of A +B+ AB using PLC. -

APPARATUS REQUIRED: FRL Unit Flow Control valve 5/3 solenoid operated directional control Valve 5/2 solenoid directional control Valve PLC pneumatic trainer Double Acting Pneumatic Cylinder Polyurethane Tubes and Electrical wires PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the FRL unit, Control valves, directional control valves and cylinders as shown in the circuit. 2. Draw the functional block diagram using PLC software and save it in the computer. 3. Give connections between PLC and PC using USB port and the program to the PLC. 4. Give connections from the reed switches to the PLC input and from the PLC output to the respective solenoid valves. 5. Adjust the FRL and set the pressure as 6 bars. 6. Switch on the electric supply. 7. Execute the program from the PLC and observe the sequencing of cylinders being carried out automatically.

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EVENT TABLE:

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CIRCUIT:

RESULT:

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Experiment No: AIM:

DESIGN A PNEUMATIC TWO CYLINDER SEQUENCING CIRCUIT USING AUTOMATION STUDIO SOFTWARE

To design a circuit for the sequence A+B+A-B- using Automation Studio software.

REQUIREMENTS: Personal Computer AUTOMATION STUDIO Software PROCEDURE: 1. Open the software in the personal computer. 2. Select the new file in it. 3. Click on the supply elements and then select, copy, paste the compressor. 4. Click and then select, copy, paste the single and double acting cylinder. 5. Then select, copy, paste the 3/2, 5/2 single and double solenoid valve. 6. Connect all the components. 8. Start and simulate the single, double acting cylinders.

CIRCUIT:

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RESULT:

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Experiment No:

DESIGN A PNEUMATIC THREE CYLINDER SEQUENCING CIRCUIT USING AUTOMATION STUDIO SOFTWARE

AIM:

To design a circuit for the sequence A+B+C+A-B-C- using Automation Studio software. REQUIREMENTS: Personal Computer AUTOMATION STUDIO Software PROCEDURE: 1. Open the software in the personal computer. 2. Select the new file in it. 3. Click on the supply elements and then select, copy, paste the compressor. 4. Click and then select, copy, paste the single and double acting cylinder. 5. Then select, copy, paste the 3/2, 5/2 single and double solenoid valve. 6. Connect all the components. 8. Start and simulate the single, double acting cylinders. CIRCUIT:

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RESULT:

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Experiment No:

SEQUENCING OF TWO PNEUMATIC CYLINDERS USING TECH-SOFT SOFTWARE

AIM:

To perform sequencing of two pneumatic cylinders (A and B) in the order of A +B+ BA- using tech- soft software and it by simulation and to prepare function block diagram and event table. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Personal Computer Tech-Soft Software PROCEDURE: 1. Open the Tech-Soft software in the system. 2. Select Hydraulic circuit design option. 3. Enter the details of force required, velocity, pressure etc.., 4. Next enter the events one by one. Events are entered by indicating the position of reed switches. 5. Now, go the animation tab, run the animation and the sequence of operation.

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CIRCUIT:

RESULT:

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Experiment No: AIM:

DESIGN A PNEUMATIC TWO CYLINDER SEQUENCING CIRCUIT USING PNEUMOSIM SOFTWARE

To design a circuit for the sequence A+B+A-B- using pneumosim software.

REQUIREMENTS: Personal Computer Pneumosim Software PROCEDURE: 1. Open the software in the personal computer. 2. Select the new file in it. 3. Click on the supply elements and then select, copy, paste the compressor. 4. Click and then select, copy, paste the single and double acting cylinder. 5. Then select, copy, paste the 3/2, 5/2 single and double solenoid valve. 6. Connect all the components. 8. Start and simulate the single, double acting cylinders. CIRCUIT:

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RESULT:

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Experiment No:

STUDY ON IMAGE PROCESSING

AIM:

At the end of the lab session, students will have the information’s on image, digital image, and the processing techniques. Image An image may be defined as a two dimensional function f(x,y), where ‘x’ and ‘y’ are spatial coordinates, and the amplitude of ‘f’ at any pair of coordinates x,y is called intensity or gray level of the image at that point. DIGITAL IMAGE: ‘x’, ’y’ and the amplitude ‘f’ are all finite and discrete quantities means then the image is called as digital image. DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING: The field of digital image processing refers to processing of digital images by a digital computer. Each object has finite number of pixels or pels or image elements or picture elements. IMAGE RESOLUTION: Image resolution is defined as the number of pixels that can be accommodated in a unit area. Image resolution depends on number of values for N and number of bits used in a gray level (m). If N and ‘m’ is high, then the resolution will be more. HUE:

Hue is an attribute associated with the dominant wavelength in a mixture of light waves. Thus hue represents dominant color as perceived by an observer eg., red, yellow. Saturatio It refers to relative purity or the amount of white light mixed with the hue. The pure spectrum colors are fully saturated (RGB).Color such as pink and lavender are less saturated. ie., The degree of saturation being inversely proportional to the amount of white light added. Hue and saturation taken together are called chromoticity. IMAGE HISTOGRAM: An image histogram is a type of histogram that acts as a graphical representation of the tonal distribution in a digital image. It plots the number of pixels for each tonal value. The left side of the horizontal axis represents the black and dark areas, the middle represents medium grey and the right hand side represents light and pure white areas. The Vertical axis represents the size of the area that is captured in each one of these zones. The histogram for the very dark image will have the majority of its data points on the left side and centre of the graph. The histogram for the very bright image with few dark areas is shadows will have most of its data points on the right side and the centre of the graphs. FFT TRANSFORM: Typically, 2-D-Fourier transform (2-D-FT) is used as the representation of complex SAR images. However, the energy of the coefficients of 2-D FT on the complex SAR image

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distributes in the whole frequency domain. Generally, the frequency signals are divided into real and imaginary parts, and quantized with Lloyd-Max quantizer However, the compression ratios of the frequency domain compression algorithms are almost limited in 10.4:1o r 9.8:1, which are not very high. Wavelet transform can locally analyze time and frequency in multiscale and shows very strong decorrelation ability. As it is particularly suitable for nonstationary signal processing, wavelet transform has been applied to complex SAR image compression currently; most compression algorithms of complex SAR image adopt the traditional wavelet transform. However, for the complex SAR images, which are rich in edges and texture, traditional wavelet transform does not show efficient representation. proposed an algorithm which extracted edges of SAR image with wedge let transform and encoded the edges and texture separately. used 2-D oriented wavelet transform for remote sensing compression. The SAR images used in are not complex SAR images. To the best of our knowledge, directional wavelet transform has not be applied to the compression of complex SAR images. Directional wavelet transform achieves the direction extraction while keeping the property of multiscale analysis of discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Directional wavelet transform can be divided into two classes: Frequency-domain transform and spatial-domain transform. The frequency-domain directional wavelet transform, such as contour let which continuously performs directional filter on the high-frequency sub bands of wavelet transform, gives an efficient representation of the edges at the cost of high redundancy. The spatial-domain directional wavelet, such as directional lifting wavelet transform (DLWT), employs direction prediction for wavelet decomposition, which adapts the wavelet transform direction to the image edges. DLWT integrates spatial direction prediction into the wavelet transform lifting framework, provides an efficient representation of edges along multiple directions of images, and thus reduces the energy of high-frequency bands and achieves more energy clustering. As the real parts and imaginary parts of complex SAR image as well as the real image of fast FT (FFT) are rich in edges, two complex SAR image coding schemes using DLWT are proposed. Fourier Transform (FT) with its fast algorithms (FFT) is an important tool for analysis and processing of many natural signals. FT has certain limitations to characterise many natural signals, which are nonstationary (e.g. speech). Wavelet compression system consists of several components:1) filters and algorithms for performing wavelet decomposition and reconstruction, 2) a bit allocation strategy, and 3) quantizers. In order to minimize algorithm complexity and to reduce susceptibility to channel errors, the quantizer output is not encoded with an entropy or arithmetic coder. Side information concerning normalization and bit allocation can be coded in only a few bits for an entire image. The wavelet transform is a relatively new technique for decomposition of a data set with orthogonal (ornonorthogonal) basis functions and is becoming widely used in image compression. The orthogonal wavelet decomposition provides a multi resolution representation of a signal over an orthonormal basis. It offers several advantages for SAR data compression:

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1. The decomposition of an image into a representation selective both in frequency and spatial orientation allows allocation of quantization bits to "important" components. 2. Algorithms for performing a wavelet decomposition and reconstruction are recursive, computationally efficient, and easily implemented in hardware. The computation of a wavelet transform, as described by Mallat, has a computational burden on the order of & V' Fast wavelet transform algorithms can reduce the computational burden 3. The decomposition of an image into a pyramid of detail images results in a set of coefficients that have reduced dynamic range compared to the original image. This is particularly important for compression of SAR imagery due to its very large dynamic range. 4. A wavelet multiscale decomposition of an image is convenient for progressive image transmission. A coarse resolution image can be selected from a sensor or database, and then a) browsed at coarse resolution for data quality, data validation, correct location, etc. and or processed by algorithms which require only coarse resolution input data, or b) a subset of the image can be transmitted and displayed at the finest available resolution.

RESULT:

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