Rubble Trench Foundation 3l4m4n

Rubble Trench Foundation Team Rubblution Annie Bartholomew Nathan Braun Curran Hamilton Chris Wells Introduction to Design Engr. 215 Spring 2010

Table of Contents

Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................ii Table of Figures ................................................................................................................................v Tables .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.

2.

Problem Formulation .............................................................................................................. 2 1.1.

Introduction .............................................................................................................. 2

1.2.

Objective Statement................................................................................................. 2

Problem Analysis & Literature Review ................................................................................... 3 2.1.

Introduction .............................................................................................................. 3

2.2.

Problem Analysis ...................................................................................................... 3

2.2.1.

Specifications............................................................................................................ 3

2.2.2.

Considerations .......................................................................................................... 3

2.2.3.

Criteria & Constraints ............................................................................................... 3

2.3.

Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 4

2.3.1.

Overview of Haiti ...................................................................................................... 4

2.3.2.

Economic Demographics .......................................................................................... 4

2.3.3.

Geography, Erosion, and Landslides ........................................................................ 4

2.3.4.

Earthquake effects ................................................................................................... 5

2.3.5.

Landslide/Erosion Prevention and Protection ......................................................... 5

2.3.6.

Gabion Basket........................................................................................................... 5

2.3.7.

Gravity Walls............................................................................................................. 6

2.3.8.

Live, Mixed, and Inert Construction ......................................................................... 7

2.3.9.

Gabion Mattress ....................................................................................................... 8

2.3.10. Retaining walls.......................................................................................................... 8 2.3.11. Structures: Commercial/Non-Commercial ............................................................... 8 2.3.12. Green Gabion ........................................................................................................... 9 2.3.13. Recycled Rubble as a Coarse Aggregate................................................................... 9 3.

Alternative Solutions............................................................................................................. 11 ii

3.1.

Introduction ............................................................................................................ 11

3.2.

Brainstorming ......................................................................................................... 11

3.3.

Alternate Solutions: ................................................................................................ 11

3.3.1.

Recycled Concrete as a Material to Rebuild Haiti .................................................. 11

3.3.2.

Build Your House upon Rocks................................................................................. 12

3.3.3.

Highway to Haiti ..................................................................................................... 13

3.3.4.

Living Gabion River Bed .......................................................................................... 13

3.3.5.

A Series of Tubes .................................................................................................... 14

3.3.6.

Ditching Rain Water ............................................................................................... 15

3.3.7.

Gravity Walls........................................................................................................... 15

3.3.8.

Gabion Foundations ............................................................................................... 16

3.3.9.

Rubble Sandwich .................................................................................................... 17

3.3.10. Water Walls ............................................................................................................ 17 4.

5.

Decision Section .................................................................................................................... 19 4.1.

Introduction ............................................................................................................ 19

4.2.

Criteria .................................................................................................................... 19

4.3.

Solutions ................................................................................................................. 19

4.4.

Decision Process ..................................................................................................... 20

4.5.

Final Decision.......................................................................................................... 22

Specification of Solution ....................................................................................................... 22 5.1.

Introduction ............................................................................................................ 22

5.2.

Description of Solution ........................................................................................... 22

5.2.1.

Trench Dimensions ................................................................................................. 23

5.2.2.

Fill Layers and Pipe ................................................................................................. 24

5.3.

Cost ......................................................................................................................... 25

5.3.1 Design Cost (hours) ...................................................................................................... 25 5.3.2 Implementation Cost ................................................................................................... 25 5.3.3 Maintenance Cost ........................................................................................................ 26 5.4.

Instructions for Implementation ............................................................................ 26 iii | P a g e

5.4.1. 5.5.

Concrete Rubble and Drain Pipe ............................................................................ 27 Results .................................................................................................................... 27

Bag Weight Calculations .............................................................................................................. 31 245 Bags Total ............................................................................................................................... 31 Bag Dimensions ............................................................................................................................. 31 Works Cited ................................................................................................................................... 32

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Table of Figures Figure 1.1 Black Box Diagram ......................................................................................................... 2 Figure 2.1 Map of Haiti ................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 2.2 Picture of Effected Earthquake Area (U.S. CB 2009) ..................................................... 5 Figure 2.3 A gravity wall used to a steep hill..................................................................... 6 Figure 2.4 Stacking types of gravity walls ....................................................................................... 7 Figure 2.5 A mixed gabion wall. (Qiaoshi Gabion Factory) ............................................................. 7 Figure 2.6 A Retaining Wall (Maccaferri 2009) ............................................................................... 8 Figure 2.7 Gabion Buildings (GabionBaskets.net 2009) ................................................................. 9 Figure 2.8 'Green Gabions' (Maccaferri 2009) ................................................................................ 9 Figure 2.9 Rough Aggregate in Concrete (U.S. Department of Transportation, 2007) ................ 10 Figure 3.1 Drawing of rubble trench foundation (Bartholomew 2010) ....................................... 13 Figure 3.2 Picture of Highway to Haiti (Bartholomew 2010)........................................................ 13 Figure 3.3 Drawing of Living Gabion River Bed (Braun 2010)....................................................... 14 3.4 Drawing of a Series of Tubes (Braun 2010) ............................................................................ 14 3.5 Ditching Rain Water (Bartholomew 2010).............................................................................. 15 Figure 3.6 Drawing of rubble gravity wall (Braun 2010) ............................................................... 16 Figure 3.7 Gabion Foundations (Wells 2010) ............................................................................... 16 Figure 3.8 Rubble Sandwich (Wells 2010) .................................................................................... 17 Figure 3.9 Water Walls (Wells 2010) ............................................................................................ 18 Figure 5.1 Rubble Trench Foundtion ............................................................................................ 23 Figure 5.2 CAD drawing of solution and placement of PVC pipe ................................................. 24 Figure 5.3 Cross Section of Rubble Trench Foundation................................................................ 24 Figure 5.4: Design Hours ............................................................................................................... 25 Figure 5.5 Compaction Method .................................................................................................... 26 Figure 5.6 Water Drainage ............................................................................................................ 27 v

Figure 5.7 Cross Section of tested trench ..................................................................................... 27 Figure 5.8 Humangineers soil-bag relief structure with two different size heights ..................... 28

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Tables Table 4.1 Completed Delphi Method Table .................................................................................. 21 Table 4.2 Pugh Method Decision Table ........................................................................................ 22 Table 5.1 Materials and Costs ....................................................................................................... 25 Table 5.2 Measurements and Settling Calculations ..................................................................... 28

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1. Problem Formulation 1.1.

Introduction

The purpose of Section One of the design process is to create an objective statement, which will provide definition to the project and allow the design team to come to a design solution. The Black Box Model in Figure 1.1 will help define the problem and the world before the design solution, as well as the world after the design solution.

1.2.

Objective Statement

The objective of this project is to design a solution for the massive rubble problem created by the January earthquake in Haiti, and to turn that rubble into a resource that can be used to aid Haiti. Input: Haiti devastated with huge amounts of unused rubble in the streets that blocks the progress of humanitarian workers and rescue personal.

Black Box

Output: Haiti has a definitive solution that uses the rubble and local labor to create secure foundation systems that can be used to rebuild Haiti.

Figure 1.1 Black Box Diagram

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2. Problem Analysis & Literature Review 2.1.

Introduction

The purpose of the Problem Analysis section and Literature Review section is to define the criteria and constraints set by the client, which are then refined by the team . By defining the criteria for which the solution must be created, the problem becomes more tangible and allows the team to research possible solutions in the Literature Review section. The literature review covers all the topics that pertained to the project, including information pertaining to demographics, geography, building with rubble, retaining walls, and Gabion Baskets.

2.2.

Problem Analysis

2.2.1. Specifications The design must incorporate rubble from Haiti as a main building material, by clearing and using as much rubble as possible from the streets of Haiti. The design must also be durable.

2.2.2. Considerations Supply and location of the rubble is pertinent to the transport of the design. Interaction between soil conditions and weight distribution is essential in determining design choices.

2.2.3. Criteria & Constraints The criteria & constraints that define the project can be read here. Criteria

Constraint

•

Safety

•

•

Cost

•

•

Level of Labor Creation

•

•

Ease of Assembly

•

•

Ease of Mass Production

•

•

Use of local materials

•

Must be earthquake, hurricane, and landslide resistant Product must be inexpensive in design, production, and assembly Must utilize Haitian Labor Force Must be able to be reproduced by unskilled laborers Product must be able to be produced on a large scale Utilize as much local material as possible

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2.3.

Literature Review

2.3.1. Overview of Haiti Haiti is a nation on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea. Haiti covers 10,714 square miles (27,750 km2) of the western third of the island as seen in Figure 2.1 and had a population of nine million as of 2009. (U.S. Department of State 2009)(Central Intelligence Agency 2009).

Figure 2.1 Map of Haiti

2.3.2. Economic Demographics The Economic Demographics section gives details on the economic demographics of Haiti. One of the primary goals of World Shelters is to employ as many Haitians as possible as stated by the client, World Shelters.. In Haiti, 47% of the population lives in urban areas, 50% of the population is literate, and 1.4% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is allotted to education. Haiti’s GDP is $11.6 billion every year, and $1,300 per capita. The labor force includes 3.643 million or 1/3 of the population. Agriculture is 28% of GDP and includes 66% of the Haiti labor force. More than 2/3 of the population doesn’t hold an official job, and 80% of the population is below the poverty line. Haiti is an impoverished country, and the recent earthquake has worsened the economy and the living conditions of Haitians (CIA 2009).

2.3.3. Geography, Erosion, and Landslides The geography of Haiti is diverse and can be credited for erosion and many landslides. Haiti has a tropical climate except for semiarid mountains in the east. The topography of Haiti is mostly hilly and mountainous, which is among many reasons that Haiti cannot its own population with agriculture (CIA 2009). Haiti has 355 square miles (920 km2) of irrigated land (CIA 2009). The island of Hispaniola is located in the middle of the hurricane belt and is subject to severe storms from June to October. Haiti experiences occasional flooding, earthquakes, and periodic droughts. Some of the natural hazards are enhanced by heavy deforestation, inadequate supplies of potable water, and heavy soil erosion (CIA 2009). The deforestation of the island allows the rain water runoff to cause flash flooding which in turn causes more erosion. Soil erosion is the cause of soil degradation which leads to reduced agricultural productivity including 4|Page

fewer nutrients for crops and reduced yield of the harvest (CIA 2009). Haiti’s transportation network is predominantly unpaved, making roads susceptible to erosion and contributing to the danger of roadway travel in Haiti (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2010). Landslides from erosion were common before the earthquake in January, but more landslides and increased loosening of soil may have been caused by the earthquake (CD 2010).

2.3.4. Earthquake effects Figure 2.2 shows the effects of the January 2010 earthquake in Haiti, and how they affected an estimated 3.8 million Haitians in 37 communes (counties).

Figure 2.2 Picture of Effected Earthquake Area (U.S. CB 2009)

Three cities, including Port-au-Prince, were affected by the earthquake (U.S. Census Bureau 2009). The U.S. Department of Civil Protection estimates that approximately 115,000 people were killed and 200,000 injured during the earthquake. (U.S. Agency for International Development 2010) Most buildings in the affected areas of Haiti were destroyed, as well as the local economies. After the earthquake, many businesses were destroyed, or damaged leaving much of the population without a stable income. Many family providers died in collapsing buildings, leaving families without any source of income (U.S. AID 2010).

2.3.5. Landslide/Erosion Prevention and Protection There are many possible solutions used to prevent and protect the people of Haiti from landslides due to hurricanes and earthquakes. Solutions include reinforcing unstable hillsides, making walls for future slides, and redirecting current water flow. (AASHTO 2009) Landslides are a direct result of geological transformation. Climate, external, and internal earth forces are the main components of landslides. Landslide prone areas include landscapes with fragile geology, steep topography, and high amounts of precipitation (Marui 1988).

2.3.6. Gabion Basket Gabion Baskets are wire baskets that are used to contain heavy materials such as rock and other heavy, earthen material in order to be used as ‘building blocks’ for a variety of structures. Gabion Baskets are most frequently made from welded steel wire 5|Page

in the shapes of rectangles or hexagons and may come in varying thicknesses (EngNet 2009). Gabion Baskets can be used as retaining walls, structural for small, or weakened structures, or as building’s walls (Maccaferri 2009). Gabion Baskets are also used to protect earth embankments, line rivers, and manage or divert stream flow (Coche 1995). Gabion Baskets can also be used in the protection of coastlines with the use of timber (Matthews 1913).

2.3.7. Gravity Walls Gravity Walls use their own weight and stability to resist the forces put upon by landslides.A need for a gravity wall arises after a cut has been made to the earth, a cut that changes the slope of the hill (Paaswell 1920). Most gravity walls are made from concrete, rock-filled gabion baskets as seen in Figure 2.3, or gabions filled with a mixture of rock, soil, and concrete. The mass and angle of the wall determines its strength. A massive wall has more friction and less possibility of moving when the horizontal force of the landslide pushes against it. The appropriate construction of a batter, a wall leaning towards the applied force, will lower the possibility of overturn or rotation from its original position. These walls are most frequently used where the horizontal force of the landslide is relatively weak. The area near the bottom of a slope is referred to as the toe of the landslide. Gravity walls are typically less expensive than other in situ (underground) walls and provide easier access to high-risk areas. This type of construction requires qualified contractors to calculate the necessary mass and angle for these types of walls. Gravity Walls can be used for many different conditions such as deep-seated and shallow landslides. Gravity walls are usually placed near the toe of the landslide as a preventative device leaving room for other practices to be used (Seattle 2010).

Figure 2.3 A gravity wall used to a steep hill.

When stacking gravity walls, three different forms of stacking are used. These different types are bulkhead, stepped, and laid strait. Figure 2.4 shows these stacking types from a side view. (Zelo, 2000)

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Figure 2.4 Stacking types of gravity walls

2.3.8. Live, Mixed, and Inert Construction When gabions or gravity walls are constructed, three different methods can be used: live construction, mixed construction, and inert construction (Gray 1996).

2.3.8.1. Live Construction Live construction consists of using grass seed, sod, or other types of plants to strengthen the soil in a landslide prone area. The roots reinforce the structure below ground making the slope more stable (Gray 1996).

2.3.8.2. Mixed Construction Mixed construction includes constructions made with barriers, such as gabion baskets mixed with living plants (Gray 1996). Figure 2.5 shows an example of mixed construction where the plants rooting system is growing into the space between the rocks. Types of mixed construction are based on how porous the gabion basket is and how much plant mass is being grown. The purpose of living plants is for the roots in the gabion basket to spread into the soil of the hill being detained by the baskets. The use of plants in gabion baskets also holds an aesthetic value. Soil and bark mulch may be put over the baskets so that willow and cottonwood can grow over them. Native plant species that grow in low quality soil may be used for the baskets in Haiti.

Figure 2.5 A mixed gabion wall. (Qiaoshi Gabion Factory)

2.3.8.3. Inert Construction Inert construction consists of using concrete or any other non-living material. Some Inert construction methods are concrete gravity walls, cylinder-pile walls, and tieback walls (Gray 1996). 7|Page

2.3.9. Gabion Mattress A different form of the gabion basket is the gabion mattress. The main difference of the gabion mattress is its dimensions. Gabion mattresses are much longer, wider, and thinner than standard gabion baskets. Dirt can be used to create a river bank for gabion mattress to be put on. The filling of dirt bags for these banks could open employment opportunities for the people of Haiti. Other methods such as geo-tubes can also be used. A geo-tube is the same idea as dirt bags, but using only one bag far larger than the average dirt filled bag. With the construction of these banks, gabion mattresses are put on top of these banks to redirect water flow away from landslide prone areas. With Haiti’s geography being mountainous, many rivers flow from the peaks, creating problems for roads and other structures in landslide prone areas (DAI 2009). Gabion mattresses may be used for help with these problems.

2.3.10.

Retaining walls

Flooding and landslides may cause loose soil, endangering possible sites of earthquake relief. Gabion baskets could be applied as retaining walls and flood canals, as seen in Figure 2.6, protecting the perimeter of Haitian communities and diverting water from flowing into inhabited areas. By manipulating water flow, gabion baskets could be used as an irrigation canal that could channel runoff into farmlands, or areas of relief, providing a source of flowing water (Maccaferri 2009).

Figure 2.62.62.6 A Retaining Wall (Maccaferri 2009)

2.3.11.

Structures: Commercial/Non-Commercial

A primary goal of World Shelters is providing shelter to displaced Haitians. Gabion baskets may be stacked multiple times, as seen in Figure 2.7, to create a reinforced wall with a lifespan of three to five years. These walls can be solidified by adding a concrete layer to the outside of the gabion baskets to the walls, making them a more permanent structure (EngNet 2009). Because of the wired frame of the baskets, metal sheets may be applied as roof tops.

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Figure 2.7 Gabion Buildings (GabionBaskets.net 2009)

2.3.12.

Green Gabion

Green gabions are similar to wire gabions, but also contain PVC piping allowing water drainage and a supplementary coconut mat. Figure 2.8 shows how a coconut mat covers the outward-facing side of a gabion. The coconut mat contains nutrients for plants to grow on after soil washes over the gabion. Plants may grow into the mat and enhance structural stability and giving the retaining structure a natural aesthetic quality (Maccaferri 2009).

Figure 2.8 'Green Gabions' (Maccaferri 2009)

2.3.13.

Recycled Rubble as a Coarse Aggregate

Rubble may be recycled and used as a coarse aggregate in new concrete. An aggregate in concrete, is the different sizes and compositions of rock that make up a concrete mixture as shown in Figure 2.9. Some properties that limit the use of rubble as a coarse aggregate include the composition, strength, and presence of organic material in the rubble. (Fouad, 2007) For rubble to be reused as a coarse aggregate, it is important that the rubble contains a consistent strength and composition ratio. According to World Shelters, Haitian Rubble is mostly comprised of sand, with little cement reinforcing the mixture.

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Figure 2.9 Rough Aggregate in Concrete (U.S. Department of Transportation, 2007)

For rubble to be used as a coarse aggregate, it would need to be crushed into smaller select pieces. This may be accomplished by purchasing a mechanical rock crushing device, or by using local labor to sort and crush rubble into usable pieces. For rubble to be used as a coarse aggregate in Haiti, cement would be imported from an outside supplier.

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3. Alternative Solutions 3.1.

Introduction

Section three, alternative solutions, consists of solutions for our objective statement. Multiple different criteria were in mind when considering the solutions. The solutions are compiled here and will be given further consideration during the selection process.

3.2.

Brainstorming

Brainstorming is the process by which we found what ideas we were going to pursue in our project. The brainstorming sessions are documented in Appendix A. Before we started the Literature Review we had an unorganized brainstorming session with a web chart. This first session stimulated our ideas and allowed us to progress further in our project. Later on, before we started the Alternative Solutions section, we had a more organized brainstorming session in which we came up with specific ideas that we researched further. The solutions were fine tuned with the criteria and constraints in mind but by not limiting the creativity. We were all together in a new place hoping for new ideas, when brainstorming began; multiple ideas were being recorded on a white board. We took a small break then continued with the brainstorming allowing for more solutions to be considered. We came up with twelve specific ideas which were split between the four people in our group. We further developed these ideas and met again to share them, and then we complete our research and put this list of solutions together.

3.3. • • • • • • • • • •

Alternate Solutions:

Recycled Concrete Material to Rebuild Haiti Build Your House Upon Rocks Highway to Haiti Living Gabion River Bed A Series of Tubes Ditching Rain Water Gravity Walls Gabion Foundations Rubble Sandwich Water Walls

3.3.1. Recycled Concrete as a Material to Rebuild Haiti Recycled Concrete as a Material to Rebuild Haiti uses rubble in Haiti as a component piece in new concrete that will be used to make new structures for future use in Haiti. Rubble concrete has four main components: recycled rubble concrete, virgin aggregate, water, and Portland cement. The recycled rubble is broken down into smaller coarse aggregate as well as ground into fine aggregate. The virgin aggregate is 11 | P a g e

imported or taken from surrounding environments and consists of crushed stone for coarse aggregate and sand for fine aggregates. Both the recycled and virgin aggregates have the same physical characteristics. Coarse aggregates are 3/8” to 3/2” in diameter and fine aggregates through a 3/8” sieve. The water is readily available in Haiti, because while Haiti’s water is unclean in many parts this is due to microbes and not corrosive chemicals or solids in the water. The Portland cement will need to be imported. The benefit of using concrete with recycled rubble to build future buildings in Haiti is that this will reduce that amount of concrete rubble currently resting in the streets of Haiti and this idea is less expensive than importing completely new concrete for new buildings. This project will also provide employment to locals in the jobs of washing and crushing the concrete, and mixing and laying the new concrete.

3.3.2. Build Your House upon Rocks Build Your House upon Rocks uses rubble to create a trench foundation that can be used as a foundation for buildings. This foundation system uses a trench 1’ deep by 18‘’ wide filled with rubble and capped by an 8‘’ high grade beam with three separate 1 /2 ‘’ continuous rebar for structural . First the bottom of the trench is tramped (packed down) and then filled with 4‘’ of rubble which is also tramped. Figure 3.1 shows that on top of the first layer of gravel is placed a continuous 4’’ perforated drain pipe which is sloped to sunlight to allow drainage to the surface. The rest of the trench is filled with rubble and tamped at ground level. Figure 3.1 shows the steel reinforced grade beam is cast directly on the rubble foundation. The rubble placed in the trench is an average of 1.5 cubic inches and is made from recycled concrete rubble that has been washed. The Rubble Trench Foundation has several benefits above standard foundation systems. By using rubble with a grade beam instead of a solid cement foundation, money is saved by not having to use as much concrete. Because the trench is filled with rubble instead of concrete, water cannot gather around the foundation. The rubble acts as a French Drain System and drains out water that accumulates around the foundation. The packed rubble also distributes the weight put on the grade beam as opposed to a concrete foundation where weight is placed on the concrete foundation and not on the ground surrounding it.

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Figure 3.1 Drawing of rubble trench foundation (Bartholomew 2010)

3.3.3. Highway to Haiti Highway to Haiti uses the rubble from Haiti to cover uned roadways with gravel. The gravel stabilizes dirt roadways and reduces erosion of roadways. The roadway is first cleared of organic material such as sticks and leaves. Four inches of top soil are removed and a filter fabric is placed on the ground to stop the soil mixing with the gravel. Rubble crushed to the size of baseballs by Haitians is then placed on the filter fabric to a depth of 4 inches as shown in Figure 3.2 which is then tamped down. Every layer of 4 inches of crushed rubble after the first will be smaller, down to the size of marbles; each layer will also be tamped. The end result is a gravel layer that is 10” to 12” thick. If executed correctly the road may last for decades and be safer than standard dirt roads. One disadvantage is the risk of water gathering on the road and creating pot holes.

Figure 3.2 Picture of Highway to Haiti (Bartholomew 2010)

3.3.4. Living Gabion River Bed The Living Gabion River Bed uses plant life to increase the quality of gabion baskets used to prevent erosion. Figure 3.3 shows the Living Gabion River Bed in its 13 | P a g e

implemented form with the optional geotextile. The main use of gabion mattresses is for protection against erosion against riverbeds, riverbanks, and coastal areas. Haiti gabion mattresses use rubble transported from disaster areas. Wire, 3mm in diameter, imported from World Shelters is used for gabion mattresses in riverbeds for more flexibility when trying to shape the mattress to Haiti’s existing rivers banks. The gabion mattresses are 2 m by 1 m sub parts with a depth depending on the conditions of the surrounding area. An optional geotextile fabric can be placed under the mattresses on the banks of the river to prevent the leaching (the drain of a substance from its contained area) of soil particles. Living plants are also incorporated into the mattress after it is filled with the Haitian rubble. The growing roots of these plants will give more stability to the gabion mattresses and to the riverbank.

Figure 3.3 Drawing of Living Gabion River Bed (Braun 2010)

3.3.5. A Series of Tubes Like the Living Gabion River Bed, a series of tubes uses gabion mattresses to divert water. Diverting water requires more steps than simply laying rubble filled gabion mattresses on riverbeds. Figure 3.4 shows the geotube in use with the gabion mattresses. This extra step is the geotube, as referred to in the Literature Review. To divert water, a geotube or dirt filled bags are used to seemingly create a man made riverbed with a geotextile layer over it. After the new riverbed is in place the gabion mattresses would be applied to the top along with a dirt layer and seedlings allowing growth in the gabions in the same way as explained in the Living Gabion River Bed section. This water could be used to redirect water for irrigation, drinking, or wastewater.

3.4 Drawing of a Series of Tubes (Braun 2010)

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3.3.6. Ditching Rain Water Ditching Rain Water decreases water damage to Haiti’s roadways by using gabion filled trenches to remove rain water on Haiti’s roads as shown in Figure 3.5. Gabion trenches are constructed alongside Haiti’s existing roads by using local labor to remove soil, construct gabion mattresses, and transport rubble to the site. Gabion mattress construction matches the dimensions and materials of the Living Gabion River Bed. By using gabion mattresses alongside Haiti’s roadways, dangerous driving conditions and potholes will be reduced.

3.5 Ditching Rain Water (Bartholomew 2010)

3.3.7. Gravity Walls The gravity wall uses its own weight to resist the lateral pressures of the earth being retained by the wall. When deg a wall, four main factors are included. First, the forces acting upon the wall need to be detected and measured. Second, the possibility of the wall falling or overturning needs to be analyzed. The third factor is checking if the sliding resistance of the gravity wall exceeds the active horizontal force of the earth by a suitable safety factor. The final step is only needed when a vertical wall is being built; it consists of making sure the force of the wall falls in the middle third of the wall’s base. When building retaining walls with gabions, the fill material is very important. Fill material for gravity walls usually contains materials that have high compressive strength and durability making hard stone a qualified fill material. The fill material must be able to endure the effects of water and weathering. The rubble being used in Haiti is not as strong as hard stone so the effectiveness of rubble being used as a retaining wall is in question. Using mixed construction methods may increase the rubbles strength and its ability to endure weathering. Mixed construction uses different plant species, usually species that can grow in low quality soil, to grow on top of the rubble to create rooting systems that help keep the gabions connected. Figure 3.6 shows a gravity wall with fill material and the mixed construction added. Construction would involve a gabion mattress made to easily open for filling of rubble; extra stability could be created with wire crosses inside the gabions or the use of smaller sized sub parts. We would construct a wall in areas where landslides would do the most damage, such as off the sides of roads or at the foothills where cities are.

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Figure 3.6 Drawing of rubble gravity wall (Braun 2010)

3.3.8. Gabion Foundations Because Haiti has a moist environment, landslides are a constant hazard. To address these hazards gabion mattresses will be laid out on a sturdy area and have a thin layer of concrete poured on top of the mattress, as shown in Figure 3.7, to create a sturdy foundation that can be built upon. A gabion structure built off of these foundations has a cement layer that is applied after the first tier of baskets is placed marking the wall positions. To avoid any moving of weaker buildings during a landslide, gabions are placed on top of the ground rather than in the ground. This allows the water and top soil to collect around the gabions, but does not move or destroy the buildings build upon the foundation.

Figure 3.7 Gabion Foundations (Wells 2010)

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3.3.9. Rubble Sandwich To thicken walls, but minimize the amount of cement used, the Rubble Sandwich, as shown in Figure 3.8 uses two thin cement walls trapping rubble in the space between. Depending on the location the thicknesses and use of the Rubble Sandwich will be determined. After walls are placed and fixed, the interiors are filled with rubble. A cement ‘plug’ is then poured on top to close the top opening, making the walls sturdier. The Ruble Sandwich can be used in many applications, but will be focused in the building of small rooms or structures in Haiti. Cement boards are less reactant to temperature changes and are very durable. These boards are ideal for moist locations such as Haiti because they are not very absorbent and can have a water-proof coating applied to it to improve resistance. It takes many tools to cut and trim cement boards, making it difficult for fitting to specific sizes.

Figure 3.8 Rubble Sandwich (Wells 2010)

3.3.10.

Water Walls

Because of Haiti’s tropical location and extreme rainfall, Water Walls, as seen in Figure 3.9, works to reuse as much water as possible. Within a basic gabion basket, a PVC pipe is placed inside during the filling stage, along with a small funnel to catch and redirect water to the ultimate destination. The system of pipes meet at one end of the structure at a spout, where this water collects and can be used. To avoid water back up, a small well, or reservoir is set by the exit, to create a continual water supply. This type of water catchment system could be put inside of any gabion structures including retaining walls, building walls, or foundations. The main purpose behind the water walls is to keep moisture out of the gabions avoiding corrosion and providing a water source for Haiti.

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Figure 3.9 Water Walls (Wells 2010)

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4. Decision Section 4.1.

Introduction

The purpose of the Decision Section is to collectively decide on one solution for further production. Using the Delphi and Pugh methods, the ten solutions discussed in Section 3 were given a score based on weighted criteria. The solutions with the highest score advanced in the design process.

4.2.

Criteria

In the Literature Review, criterion was selected and assigned a score based on importance to the client, World Shelters. The criteria will be used to score and determine a chosen design solution. Safety: Due to the geographic location and meteorological activity of Haiti, the final solution must take into consideration hurricanes, earthquakes, and landslides as potential safety hazards. Cost: The solution must be inexpensive in design, production, and development. There is a maximum team cost of $350 for design, testing, and implementation of the final solution. The cost of reproducing the final solution in Haiti may amount to more than $350. Level of Labor Creation: the final design should stimulate economic growth in Haiti. The solution should optimize the use of local labor in order to fulfill this criterion. Ease of Assembly: The solution needs to be easily produced by unskilled laborers in Haiti. Ease of assembly is important for employing as many Haitians as possible. Ease of Mass Production: The solution must be reproduced in different locations across Haiti. The solution must be easy to assemble by unskilled laborers, employing as many Haitians as possible. Use of Local Materials: Because of shipment costs from outside locations, the solution must incorporate as much local material as possible.

4.3.

Solutions

There are ten possible alternative solutions under consideration for the final design. Detailed information and diagrams of these alternative solutions are located in Section 3. • • •

Gabion Foundations Rubble Sandwich Water Walls 19 | P a g e

• • • • • • •

Recycled Concrete Rubble Foundation Highway to Haiti Gabion River Beds Pitching Loose Water Gravity Walls Geo Tubes

4.4.

Decision Process

To decide on the final solution, the Delphi Method was used to aid in decision making. As a group, different criteria were unanimously assigned a number weight on a scale from one to ten. A Criterion with a weight of one indicated a criterion with the least importance, and a criterion with a weight of ten indicated the criterion with the most importance. Once weight was decided upon, the number was hidden to not influence group during the decision making process. For each individual solution, a number from one to ten was assigned for how well the solution fulfilled each criterion, a score of ten indicating a solution that fulfilled the criteria the most. Each solution’s individual score was multiplied by the assigned weight of the criteria to give the overall score. Each solution score was given a cumulative total. The three highest scores were Geo Tubes, Rubble Foundation, and Gravity Walls. This can be seen in Table 4.1.

To decide upon the final solution, the Pugh Method was utilized. Using the Pugh Method, all criteria were weighted equally and were compared to a single solution, the datum. During the Delphi Method, Geo Tubes received the highest score and was used as the datum in the Pugh Method. Each solution received a plus, minus, or similar system score. A plus denoted a higher score than the datum, a minus denoted a score lower than the datum, and an S denoted a score with a similar score to the datum solution. After the Pugh Method, the Rubble Trench Foundation received a score greater than the datum, Geo Tubes, and was selected as the final solution. The results of Pugh Method are shown in Table 4.2.

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Table 4.1 Completed Delphi Method Table

Alternative Solutions Solutions

Criteria List

Weight

Safety

10

Cost

6

Level of Labor Creation

8

Ease of assembly

5

Ease of Mass Production

8

Use of local materials

6

Gabion Foundations

50

90 500

50

Total

Rubble Sandwich

80 900

40 300

70

240

560

60

40

560

240

2330

240

2740

70

40 300

2770

50

50 240

2580

50

60 300

3030

50 360

2790

2810

400

400

2890

350 50

480 60

300

640 70

60

50 300

80

80

50

360

640

350

400

60

80

70

1000

480

480

350

400

80

60

70

100 600

360

480

350

560

60

60

70

60 1000

480

560

250

560

80

70

50

100 800

420

720

300

480

700

300

640

80

70

90

70

50

900

240

350

Highway to Gabion River Pitching Gravity Walls Geo Tubes Haiti beds loose Water

70

50

60

60

40

600

480

400

480

90

80

70

70

60

360

400

250

Rubble Foundation

40

60

80

Recycled Concrete

800 60

50

50

Water Walls

400 50

360

2960

300

3050

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Safety Cost Level Of Labor Creation Ease of Assembly Ease of Mass Production Use of Local Material

4.5.

all s Gr av it

yW

Fo un da tio Ru bb le

Ge o

Tu be s

n

Table 4.2 Pugh Method Decision Table

S + S + S +

S S S

Final Decision

To determine the final solution, the Delphi Method was used to obtain the top three solutions, Geo Tubes, Rubble Foundations, and Gravity Walls. After discussing the criteria rankings and final solutions with a World Shelters’ representative, the Pugh Method was used to compare our top three alternative solutions to the highest ranking alternative solution, Geo Tubes. After completing the Pugh Method chart, Rubble Foundations received the highest score. Rubble Foundations received the highest score because it met the client criteria the best.

5. Specification of Solution 5.1.

Introduction

Section 5 of the document is the final step in the project. This section includes a detailed description of the Rubble Trench Foundation in its final form, a report of costs incurred and cost of production, implementation and maintenance, instructions for implementation and use, description of testing and the final results of testing.

5.2.

Description of Solution

The Rubble Trench Foundation uses recycled concrete rubble created during the earthquake in Haiti, in January, 2010. The Rubble Trench Foundation can be used to various new building structures in Haiti built by World Shelters and other organizations, and could be used in other locations. This design will provide more during earthquakes and hurricane season than previous foundation systems used in Haiti. The Rubble Trench Foundation can provide work for unskilled laborers in Haiti and other areas of disaster relief. 22 | P a g e

Figure 5.1 Rubble Trench Foundtion

5.2.1. Trench Dimensions The Rubble Trench Foundation is a trench foundation that starts with a base, 18” wide and 1’ deep trench. The trench bottom is made of tamped down compacted soil. The dug out trench needs thorough compaction to the weight of any structure placed on top of it. The trench is filled with recycled rubble an average of 1 ½” in diameter. The strength of the foundation is optimized when the rubble is compacted to a uniform level. Figure 5.2 shows the dimensions of a possible structure and the placement of the PVC pipe mentioned in the next setion.

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Figure 5.2 CAD drawing of solution and placement of PVC pipe

5.2.2. Fill Layers and Pipe As shown in Figure 5.3, the Rubble Trench Foundation System has several layers. The Layer A is four inches of compacted rubble, tamped down into the trench. Layer B is a 3” perforated PVC pipe. Layer C is the rest of rubble filling, compacted completely.

Figure 5.3 Cross Section of Rubble Trench Foundation

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5.3.

Cost

5.3.1 Design Cost (hours) Throughout the length of the project work time has been recorded the time we have spent on each phase of the process, as seen in Figure 5.4. In total we have spent 143 hours on our project.

Figure 5.4: Design Hours

5.3.2 Implementation Cost The costs for the Rubble Trench Foundations were fairly low as shown in Table 5.1. The total cost for the half scale representation totaled at $11.68. When made in full scale, the cost of Rubble Trench Foundations totals at $23.36. Table 5.1 Materials and Costs

Materials Rubble 3" x 10' PVC Pipe Total Full Scale Structure

Quantity 12 ft3 2

Our Cost free $5.84 $11.68 $22.36

Market Cost free $5.84 $11.68 $22.36 25 | P a g e

5.3.3 Maintenance Cost Because Rubble Trench Foundations will most likely have immovable structures place on top of it, there is no way this design could undergo maintenance until said structure is removed.

5.4.

Instructions for Implementation

The Rubble Trench Foundation is designed to be implemented by unskilled Haitian workers in Haiti. The Trench should be dug with shovels, pickaxes, and digging bars. The trench should be dug 18” wide and 1’ deep. The sides of the trench should be squared using a square shovel or a digging bar. The soil at the bottom of the trench should be tamped or compacted with sledge hammers or logs, to the point that no more compaction can be produced with simple tools. Figure 5.5 demonstrates compaction method for the Rubble Trench Foundation. Once the ground has been tamped, a 4” layer of concrete rubble at an average size of 1 ½” in diameter should be placed at the bottom of the trench. The rubble should be tamped down in the same manner as the soil earlier. A single inch of rubble should be placed at one corner of the structure, 3/4 of an inch on the two adjacent sides, a half inch on the nonadjacent sides, and none in the opposite corner. This will provide a slope for water in the drain pipe to flow out of the foundation as shown in Figure 5.6 The drain pipe should be placed at the center of the trench on-top of the newly placed rubble. The pipe should have a drain to outside the foundation at the lowest end of the foundation. On-top of the pipe should be placed enough rubble to fill the trench to the top of the foundation. This rubble should be tamped down in the same style as the first and second steps.

Figure 5.5 Compaction Method

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Figure 5.6 Water Drainage

5.4.1. Concrete Rubble and Drain Pipe The concrete rubble should be crushed using sledge hammers, rocks, or heave machinery if available. Safety should be a prime concern, as concrete chips can be dangerous to soft flesh. Rubble breaking should also not be done near any flammable material, due to rock chips and flying sparks. The concrete rubble should broken into pieces with an average size of 1 ½” in diameter. The drain pipe should be 6” in diameter Charlotte PVC pipes with prefabricated holes in one side. During installation, these holes should be facing upward for water catchment.

5.5.

Results

The Rubble Trench Foundation that was tested by Team Rubblution in cooperation with Team Humangineers. Team Humangineers used dirt as a resource to build relief structures out of soil-filled bags. These bags were placed directly on top of the trench and provided direct weight on top of the Rubble Trench Foundation. The trench was built to a half scale model for an 8’ x 6’ structure. A cross section view is show in Figure 5.7

Figure 5.7 Cross Section of tested trench

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Walls of two different heights and weights were placed on top of the Rubble Trench Foundation as shown in Figure 5.8 These

Figure 5.8 Humangineers soil-bag relief structure with two different size heights

To recreate the rubble in Haiti, a mixture of rubble concrete and rock, donated by Kernan Construction, was used in the Rubble Trench Foundation. To determine how hurricanes would affect the Rubble Trench Foundation, the settling of the soil-bag structure was calculated after exposure to three days of rainfall. Heights of the North and South Side Walls were recorded before and after rainfall. The difference in these heights was divided by the number of pounds placed on top of the Rubble Trench Foundation. These measurements are recorded in Table 5.2. The calculations used to determine weight placed upon the structure is located in appendix 5. From the settling values located in Table 4, it is recommended to place weight greater than 2,000 pounds directly on top of the Rubble Trench Foundation. It is also recommended to first build a test rubble trench in new locations to test the settling for different variables including soil composition, precipitation, and distance from the water table. Table 5.2 Measurements and Settling Calculations

South Side Wall North Side Wall

Weight on Structure (lbs) 3500 1900

Initial Height (in) 48 24

Final Height (in) 46 23

Settling Height (in) 2 1

Calculated Settling (lbs/in) 1800 1900

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Appendix

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Bag Weight Calculations 3.8 tons (sand) +0.97 tons (clay) 4.77 tons = 4.7 tons 245 Bags Total 4.7 tons x 2000 lbs x 1 1 ton 245 bags

= 38.36 lbs = 38 lbs bag bag

North Side Wall Dimensions: 52” x 96” x 15” = 74880 in3 South Side Wall Dimensions: 28” x 96” x 15” = 40320 in3 Bag Dimensions 2” x 27” x 15” = 830 in3 North Side Wall Weight: 74880 in3 x 1 bag x 38 lbs = 3512.88 lbs = 3500 lbs 830 in3 bag South Side Wall Weight: 40320 in3 x 1 bag x 38 lbs = 1891.55 lbs = 1900 lbs 830 in3 bag

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Practical Guide for Erosion Control, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1996, 378 pp. Marui, H. (1988). “Landslide Prevention Measures.” FAO Watershed Management Field Manual Volume 4, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, page 1. Matthews, Ernest Romney. (1913). Coast Erosion and Protection. Chaeles Griffin & Company, LIMITED, England. "Navy News Service - Eye on the Fleet." The U.S. Navy. Web. 21 Feb. 2010. . Paaswell, George, (1920). McGRAW-HILL Book Company, Inc., Chapter 2 pg. 42, New York. Schuster, Robert L., Highland ,Lynn M. “Impact of Landslides and Innovative LandslideMitigation Measures on the Natural Environment.” Geologic Hazards Team, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado "Seattle Landslide Study." Seattle Department of Planning and Development, (Feb. 28, 2010). "Rebuilding Haiti." AlJazeera. Youtube, 9 Feb. 2010. Web. . U.S. Agency for International Development (2010). “Implications of the earthquake on food security in Haiti.” EXECUTIVE BRIEF: HAITI. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADR321.pdf U.S. Census Bureau (2009). “Earthquake in Haiti.” Census Data and Emergency Preparedness. U.S. Department of State (2009). “International Religious Freedom Report 2009.” Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. U.S. Department of Transportation (2007). “Petrographic Methods of Examining Hardened Concrete: A Petrographic Manual.” Federal Highway istration, http://www.fhwa.dot.gov Various Authors (1999-2010). “What is Concrete: Concrete & Cement Defined.” Concrete Network, < http://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete.html> (Mar. 20, 2010). Zelo, Ian, Shipman, Hugh, Brennan, Jim (2000). “Alternative Bank Protection Methods for Puget Sound Shorelines.” Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington, 104-105.

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