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[²~Š:£Zk , à·
1™
äâ i
(TENSES)
[²~Š:£Zk , à· X ÷ë¶Ã~zŠg QgzZ Subject ~‹ZÃáZzä™x » :Subject-1 X ÷ëwB~zŠg QgzZ Object ~‹ZÃqk Qƒ;g YHx »6,qT :Object-2 Xì qâÅZ :} X ÷ë÷~zŠg QgzZ Verb ~‹ZÃx »k Qƒ;gƒx »Ž
:Verb-3
Xì Verb ÷ Write rgzZì Object wB Letter âgzZì subject ¶ÃAslam ÅZ~¿kZ X ÷Dƒ&6, gî~Š ã Cäâ i E X Ç‘â{z :}Future ( w÷ ) ÑZzäWX 3X åqâ{z :} Past ( èâ ÷) Zƒ Zg¦ / X 2 Xì qâ{z :} Present ( wq ÿL ›¢) {ŠŽñX 1é Present Indefinite Tense (Simple)
Xì @* W{)z ÷CÔƒD ÷D ÔVƒ@* Ôì CÔì @*~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q X ÷D Îxg ëŠVerbQ÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z Subject+Ist form of verb
X ÷D™†ŸZ » esc* sB‚ÆVerbƒ(Singular Noun) c* (He,She,It)Subject Zg ø¤ /Z þ:^â X* @YH7†ŸZ » esc* sB‚Æverb ÆPlural noun c* ,we,you,they, IgzZ I write a letter.X Vƒqâ~
X :}
He writes a letter.Xì qâ{z
She writes a letter.Xì —â
{z
Aslam writes a letter.Xì qâÅZ Aslam and Akram write a letter.X ÷˜âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Present Indefinite Tense (Negative) Subject+ do not / does not + Ist form of verb
X @* YH7†ŸZ » es c*s B‚ÆVerb~]gßÅäƒwEZ DoesXì @* ƒwEZ does not B‚Æ Singular Noun gzZ He,She,It X :^â X* @YHwEZ do not B‚ÆPlural noun c* ,we,you,they, IgzZ I do not write a letter.X Vƒq7â~
X :}
He does not write a letter.Xì q7â{z
She does not write a letter.Xì —7â
{z
Aslam does not write a letter.Xì q7âÅZ Aslam and Akram do not write a letter.
X ÷˜7âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Present Indefinite Tense(Interrogative) Do/Does+Subject+Ist form of verb+?
» es c*s B‚ÆVerb~]gßÅäƒwEZ DoesXì @* ƒwEZ Does ~qzÑÆ¿ B‚Æ Singular Name gzZ He,She,It X :^â ,we,you,they, IgzZX @ * YH7†ŸZ X* @YHwEZ ~qzÑÆ¿ do B‚ÆPlural noun c* Do I write a letter?
?Vƒqâ~H
Does he write a letter?
?ì qâ{zH
X :}
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
Does she write a letter?
?ì —â {zH
Does Aslam write a letter?
?ì qâÅZ H
Do Aslam and Akram write a letter?
2™
?÷˜âx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Past Indefinite Tense (Simple)
ì @* W{)zþ} Ô ~ ,³ZÔ¸D Ô‰CÔ ¶CÔ å@*~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q X ÷D Îxg Ã~uzŠ Å VerbQ÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z Subject+2nd form of verb I wrote a letter.X åqâ~
X :}
He wrote a letter.X åqâ{z
She wrote a letter.X ¶—â
{z
Aslam wrote a letter.X åqâÅZ Aslam and Akram wrote a letter.X¸˜âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Past Indefinite Tense (Negative) Subject+did not+Ist form of verb
Q Âì @* ƒwEZ did Z # ~ InterrogativegzZ Negative1ì CƒwEZxg Ã~uzŠ Â, z~Past Indefinite Tense:^â CƒwEZ~Past Indefinite Tense(Simple)sÜgzZsÜxg Ã~uzŠ~%Z¤ /‹Z ~g7OgŠ c* Xì CƒwEZxg ìŠVerb Xì @* ƒwEZ did¬Ðª q«Å VerbnÆ¿ (Negative)ÔXì I did not write a letter.X åq7â~
X :}
He did not write a letter.X åq7â{z
She did not write a letter.X ¶—7â Aslam did not write a letter.X åq7
{z
âÅZ
Aslam and Akram did not write a letter.X¸˜7âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Past Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) Did+Subject+Ist form of verb+?
X ÷˜~qzÑÆ¿Ã did~¿ (Interrogative)DZÎ Did I write a letter?
?åqâ~H
Did He write a letter?
?åqâ{zH
Did She write a letter?
?¶—â {zH
Did Aslam write a letter?
?åqâÅZ H
Did Aslam and Akram write a letter?
X :}
?¸˜âx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Future Indefinite Tense (Simple)
Xì @* W{)zÐÔ ÏÔ Ç~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q X ÷D Îxg à « Å Verb Q÷D Î shall c*will Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z Subject+will/shall+Ist form of verb
X ÷« ZwEZ » shall gzZ will Qƒ:™}Šgzi]!* /ZgzZXì @* ¤ ƒwEZ will B‚ƃ ¹!*Shall B‚Æ We gzZ ( ðW ) I X :^â I shall write a letterX ÇVâ~
X :}
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
We shall write a letter.XÐKâë
3™
He will write a letter.X Ç‘â{z She will write a letter.X Ï‘â
{z
Aslam will write a letter.X Ç‘âÅZ Aslam and Akram will write a letter.XÐKâx™ ZgzZÅZ
Future Indefinite Tense (Negative) Subject+will not/shall not+Ist form of verb I shall not write a letter.X ÇV7 â~
X :}
We shall not write a letter.XÐK7 âë He will not write a letter.X Ç‘7 She will not write a letter.X Ï‘7
â{z â {z
Aslam will not write a letter.X Ç‘7 âÅZ Aslam and Akram will not write a letter.XÐK7
âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Future Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) shall/will+Subject+Ist form of verb +? Shall I write a letter?
?ÇV â~H
Shall we write a letter?
?ÐKâëH
Will he write a letter?
?Ç‘ â{zH
Will she write a letter?
?Ï‘ â {zH
Will Aslam write a letter?
?Ç‘âÅZ H
Will Aslam and Akram write a letter?
X :}
?Ð þ Kâx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Present Continuous Tense (Simple)
Xì @* W{)z ƒìgÔ÷ìgÔVƒ „g Ôì „gÔVƒ;gÔì ;g ~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q ingQX ÷D Îxg Ã
« Å Verb Q÷D Î is/am/are Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z X ÷D Î Subject+is/am/are+Ist form of verb+ing
Xì @* Y1„~]gßÅ ¦ åà You ~%Z¤ /‹ZXì @* ƒwEZ is B‚ÆuZz areB‚Ʀ amB‚Æ ( ðW ) I X :^â I am writing a letterX Vƒ;gÉâ~
X :}
You are writing a letter.XƒìgÉâ ? He is writing a letter.Xì ;gÉâ{z Aslam is writing a letter.Xì ;gÉâÅZ Aslam and Akram are writing a letter.X ÷ìgÉ
âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Present Continuous Tense (Negative) Subject+is not/am not /are not +Ist form of verb+ing I am not writing a letterX Vƒ;gÉ
7â~
You are not writing a letter.XƒìgÉ7 He is not writing a letter.Xì ;gÉ
â?
7â{z
X :}
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
Aslam is not writing a letter.Xì ;gÉ 7âÅZ Aslam and Akram are not writing a letter.X ÷ìgÉ
4™
7âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Present Continuous Tense (Interrogative) is/am/are+Subject+Ist form of verb+ing+? Am I writing a letter?
?Vƒ;gÉ â~H ?ƒìgÉâ?H
Are you writing a letter?
?ì ;gÉâ{zH
Is he writing a letter? Is Aslam writing a letter? Are Aslam and Akram writing a letter?
X :}
?ì ;gÉâÅZ H
?÷ìgÉâx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Past Continuous Tense (Simple)
Xì @* W{)z¸ìgÔ‰„gÔ ¶„gÔ å;g ~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q ingQX ÷D Îxg Ã
« Å Verb Q÷D Î was/were Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z X ÷D Î Subject+was/were+Ist form of verb+ing
~%Z¤ /‹ZX ÷D Î wereB‚Æthey,we,you,plural Nounsª¦gzZXì @* ƒwEZ was B‚Æ he,she,it,I,singular nounªuZz X :^â Xì * @Y1„~]gßÅ ¦ åà You
I was writing a letterXå;gÉâ~
X :}
You were writing a letter.X¸ìgÉâ ? He was writing a letter.Xå;gÉâ{z Aslam was writing a letter.Xå;gÉâÅZ Aslam and Akram were writing a letter.X¸ìgÉ
âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Past Continuous Tense (Negative) Subject+was not/were not+Ist form of verb+ing I was not writing a letterX å;gÉ7â~
X :}
You were not writing a letter.X¸ìgÉ7â ? He was not writing a letter.X å;g Aslam was not writing a letter.X å;g
É7â{z
É7âÅZ
Aslam and Akram were not writing a letter.X¸ìgÉ7âx™ ZgzZÅZ Past Continuous Tense (Interrogative) was/were+Subject+Ist form of verb+ing+?
?å;gÉâ~H
Was I writing a letter? Were you writing a letter?
?¸ìgÉâ?H
Wa she writing a letter? Was Aslam writing a letter? Were Aslam and Akram writing a letter?
X :}
?å;gÉâ{zH ?å;gÉâÅZ H
?¸ìgÉ âx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Future Continuous Tense (Simple)
Xì @* W{)zÐVƒìgÔ ÏVƒ„gÔ Ïƒ„g Ô ÇVƒ;gÔ Çƒ;g ~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
will be/shall be
Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z
5™
X ÷D Î ingQX ÷D Îxg à « Å Verb Q÷D Î Subject+will be/shall be+Ist form of verb+ing
ï Š™« ZwEZ » shall gzZ will Qƒ:™}Šgzi]!* /ZgzZXì * ¤ @YHwEZ willB‚ƃ ¹!* gzZXì @* ƒwEZ shall B‚Æ wegzZ ( ðW ) I X :^â X÷ I shall be writing a letterX ÇVƒ;gÉâ~
X :}
You will be writing a letter.XÐVƒìgÉâ ? He will be writing a letter.X ǃ;gÉâ{z Aslam will be writing a letter.X ǃ;gÉâÅZ Aslam and Akram will be writing a letter.XÐVƒìgÉ
âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Future Continuous Tense (Negative) Subject+will not be/shall not be+Ist form of verb+ing I shall not be writing a letterX ÇVƒ; gÉ7 â~
X :}
You will not be writing a letter.XÐVƒìgÉ7â ? He will not be writing a letter.X ǃ;g Aslam will not be writing a letter.X ǃ;g
É7â{z
É7âÅZ
Aslam and Akram will not be writing a letter.XÐVƒìgÉ7âx™ ZgzZÅZ Future Continuous Tense (Interrogative) will/shall+Subject+ be+Ist form of verb+ing Shall I be writing a letter? Will you be writing a letter?
?ÇVƒ;gÉâ~H
?ÐVƒìgÉâ?H
Will he be writing a letter? Will Aslam be writing a letter? Will Aslam and Akram be writing a letter?
X :}
?ǃ;gÉâ{zH ?ǃ;gÉâÅZ H
?ÐVƒìgÉâx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Present Perfect Tense( Simple)
Xì @* W{)z ì} Ô÷} Ôì ~Ôì c* Ô÷` Ôì _ÔVƒ[Ôì [~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q X ÷D Îxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb Q÷D Î has/have Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z Subject+has/have+3rd form of verb
ÆyougzZ ( ðW ) IXì @* ƒwEZ haveB‚ÆThey, we,you,I,plural nouns ª ¦gzZ hasB‚Æhe,she,it,singular noun ª uZz X :^â Xì @* ƒwEZ have ÌB‚ I have written a letterX Vƒ[Éâ~ You have written a letter.Xƒ` He has written a letter.X Aslam has written a letter.X Aslam and Akram have written a letter.X ÷`
X :}
Éâ?
ì [â { z
ì [âÅZ
Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ
Present Perfect Tense( Negative) Subject+has not /have not +3rd form of verb I have not written a letterX Vƒ[É7 â~
X :}
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
Éâ?
You have not written a letter.Xƒ` 7 He has not written a letter.X
6™
ì [É 7â{z
Aslam has not written a letter.X
ì [ É7âÅZ
Aslam and Akram have not written a letter.X ÷`
É7âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Present Perfect Tense( Interrogative) has/have+Subject+3rd form of verb+?
?Vƒ[Éâ~H
Have I written a letter?
Have you written a letter?
?ƒ` Éâ?H
Has he written a letter?
? ì [Éâ{zH
Has Aslam written a letter? Have Aslam and Akram written a letter?
X :}
? ì [É âÅZ H
?÷` Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Past Perfect Tense( Simple)
Xì @* W{)z¸} Ô ¶~Ô åc* Ô¸` Ô ¶_Ô å[~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q Æ~ m, ôZ TensetX ÷D Îxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb Q÷D Î had Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z Zƒ~ˆx »ŽgzZì @* YH~Past Perfect TenseÀF, »k Q Zƒ¬x »Ž~]gß+Z ( å[%!%¬ÐäWÆËZ e )X :}Xì @* ƒwEZÌ~VÓ“ % »{kZ=Z Z%¬!%~¿áZz6, zZXì * @YH~ Past Indefinite TenseÀF, »k Q {kZ c* W~ˆËZ egzZÐ,™ Past Perfect Tense ~ÀF, The patient had died before the doctor came.XÐ,™~Past Indefinite Tense
ÀF, »
Subject+had+3rd form of verb I had written a letterXå[Éâ~ You had written a letter.X¸` He had written a letter.X
X :}
Éâ?
å [É â { z
Aslam had written a letter.X
å[É âÅZ
Aslam and Akram had written a letter.X¸`
Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ
X :BVÅVÓ“ %¼[Z The bell had rung when I reached the school.X ¶_ #pÂàwj~Z # The patient had died before the doctor came.X å[%!%¬ÐäWÆËZ e He had gone out before finished his work.X Š H`C Ù !* ¬Ðä™ »x »{z
Xì @* ƒwEZ Tense„q -ZsÜ~X÷DƒwEZ Ì¿“ %,Z¼~Tense kZ He had never seen the lion before.X 嬊7L¬èäkZX :} I had already finished my work.X å1™ »x »„¬ä~
Past Perfect Tense( Negative) Subject+had not+3rd form of verb
I had not written a letterX å[7 Éâ~ You had not written a letter.X¸ `7 He had not written a letter.X Aslam had not written a letter.X
Éâ?
å[É7 â{z
å[É7 âÅZ
X :}
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
Aslam and Akram had not written a letter.X¸`
É7 âx™ ZgzZÅZ
7™
Past Perfect Tense( Interrogative) had+Subject+3rd form of verb+? Had I written a letter ?
?å[Éâ~H
?¸ ` Éâ?H
Had you written a letter?
Had he written a lette? Had Aslam written a letter? Had Aslam and Akram written a letter?
X :}
?å[Éâ{zH
? å[ÉâÅZ H
?¸` Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Future Perfect Tense( Simple)
Xì @* W{)zÐVƒ` Ô ÏVƒ_Ô Ïƒ_Ô ÇVƒ[Ô Çƒ[~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q X ÷D Îxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb Q÷D Îwill have/shall have Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z Subject+will have/shall have+3rd form of verb
Xì @* YHwEZ will haveB‚ƃ ¹!* gzZXì @* ƒwEZ shall haveB‚Æ wegzZ ( ðW ) I X :^â I shall have written a letterX ÇVƒ[Éâ~ You will have written a letter.XЃ` He will have written a letter.X
X :}
Éâ?
ǃ[Éâ{z
Aslam will have written a letter.X
ǃ[ÉâÅZ
Aslam and Akram will have written a letter.XÐVƒ`
Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ
Future Perfect Tense( Negative) Subject+will not have/shall not have+3rd form of verb I shall not have written a letterX ÇVƒ[É7 You will not have written a letter.XЃ` He will not have written a letter.X
â~
X :}
É7â?
ǃ[É7â{z
Aslam will not have written a letter.X
ǃ[É7âÅZ
Aslam and Akram will not have written a letter.XÐVƒ`
É7âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Future Perfect Tense( Interrogative) will/shall+Subject+ have+3rd form of verb+? Shall I have written a letter?
?ÇVƒ[Éâ~H
Will you have written a letter?
?Ѓ` Éâ?H
Will he have written a letter? Will Aslam have written a letter? Will Aslam and Akram have written a letter?
? ǃ[Éâ{zH
? ǃ[ÉâÅZ H
?ÐVƒ` Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ H
X :}
8™
[²~Š:£Zk , à· ( ~g Yd $Œ Û èâ ÷) PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
»
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
]{zì @* W{)z÷„g CÔì „gCÔì ;g @* ÔVƒ„g CÔ÷ìg D ÔVƒ;g @* ~y WÆ¿ÆzŠg QT:yT
ª‰ Ü zx ¬¤ /ZgzZX ÷D™wEZ » since~¿Âƒ™f » Point of Time ª‰ Ü zm{~¿¤ /ZXì * @YHÌ™f »‰ Ü z~ Tense kZ :^âXì @* ƒ zŠÔVß ‚zŠgzZXì @* ƒwEZ sinceB‚Ɖ Ü zÔx ÷ á ðÔVß ‚ÔVâŠÆ‹ x ÓXì @* ƒwEZ for ~]gß+Z ƒwEZ » ( ƒYƒ:x¥Ž ) Period of time X ÷D™ wEZ for B‚ÆV[ R Subject+has been/Have been+Ist form of verb+ing
:i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z
Xì @* ƒwEZ have been B‚Æ Plural Noun gzZ has been B‚ÆHe,She,It, singular noun He has been playng hockey for two hours.Xì ;göÅ ;ÐV[ RzŠ {z:} He has been playng hockey for two days.Xì ;göÅ ;ÐV⊊zŠ {z You have been singing a song since 8'clock.
Xƒìg Ç ** ÇÐWJW?
â ~ I have been building this house since 1970.X Vƒ;g ¯yktÐ1970 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative) Subject+has not been/Have not been+Ist form of verb+ing He has not been playng hockey for two hours.Xì ;gö7 Å ;ÐV[ RzŠ {z:} He has not been playng hockey for two days.Xì ; gö7Å ; ÐV⊊zŠ {z
Xƒìg Ç7** ÇÐWJ W?
You have not been singing a song since 8'clock.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogtive) Has/Have+Subject+ been+Ist form of verb+ing+? Has he been playng hockey for two hours?
?ì ;göÅ ;ÐV[ RzŠ {zH :}
Has he been playng hockey for two days?
?ì ;göÅ ;ÐV⊊zŠ {zH
Have you have been singing a song since 8'clock?
?ƒìgÇ ** ÇÐWJW?H
Has Zahid been remaining absent fron school for two days? ?ì ;g
( ~g Yêèâ ÷
¢q)ÐwjÐyŠzŠ @Zi H
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Simple)
@* ƒ™f »‰ Ü zÌ~ Tense kZXì @* ƒ» Past Perfect Continuous Tense ]{zñW{)z¸ìg D Ô ¶„g CÔ å;g @* ~y WÆ¿zŠg QT:yT Xì @* ƒwEZ for B‚ÆPeriod of Time gzZ sinceB‚ÆPiont of Time Xì Subject+had been+Ist form of verb+ing
:i§»ä™ÀF,
I had been reading this book for two months.X å;g| 7 , [ ÂtÐ{â zŠ~:} He had been sleeping since morning.X å;g @ * ÎÐð{z You had been playing hockey for two hours.X¸ìgöÅ ;ÐV[ RzŠ ? We had been reading this lesson since Sunday.X¸ìg| 7 ,$tÐg Z ÂZë
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
9™
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative) Subject+had not been+Ist form of verb+ing
I had not been reading this book for two months.X å;g| 7 , 7 [ ÂtÐ{â zŠ~:} He had not been sleeping since morning.X å;g @ * Î7Ðð{z You had not been playing hockey for two hours.X¸ìgö7Å ;ÐV[ RzŠ ? We had not been reading this lesson since Sunday.X¸ìg| 7 ,7
$tÐg Z ÂZë
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogative) Had +Subject+ been+Ist form of verb+ing+?
X å;g| 7, [ ÂtÐ{â zŠ~H :}
Had I been reading this book for two months? Had He been sleeping since morning?
X å;g @* ÎÐð{zH
Had You been playing hockey for two hours?
X¸ìgöÅ ;ÐV[ RzŠ ?H
Had We been reading this lesson since Sunday?
X¸ìg| 7,$tÐg Z ÂZëH
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Simple)
@* ƒ» PAST
E ( ~g YwÿL ›¢)
PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE]{ zì @ * W{)zÏVƒ„g CÔÐVƒìg D Ô ÇVƒ;g @* Ô Ïƒ„gCX ǃ;g @* ~y WÆ¿ÆzŠg QT:yT
Xì @* ƒwEZwEZ for B‚ÆPeriod of Time gzZ sinceB‚ÆPoint of Time Ì~kZXì @* ƒ™f »‰ Ü zÌ~TensekZXì X ÷D™wEZ will have been B‚ƹ!* gzZ shall have beenB‚Æwe gzZ ( ðW ) I Subject+will have been/shall have been+Ist form of verb+ing:i§»ä¯~‹Z I shall have been reading this news for two months.X ÇVƒ;g k7 , ¸tÐ{â zŠ~:} You will have been playing since noon.XÐVƒìg ÈÐPzŠ\ W The farmer will have been ploughing the fields since morning.X ǃ;g @ * `I~VX RÐðy‚ FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative) Subject+will not have been/shall not have been+Ist form of verb+ing I shall not have been reading this news for two months.X ÇVƒ;g k7 ,7 ¸tÐ{â zŠ~:} You will not have been playing since noon.XÐVƒìg È7ÐPzŠ\ W The farmer will have not been ploughing the fields since morning.X ǃ; g @ * `7I~VX RÐðy‚
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogative) Will/Shall+Subject+ have been+Ist form of verb+ing+?
Shall I have been reading this news for two months?
?ÇVƒ;g k7, ¸tÐ{â zŠ~H :}
Will You have been playing since noon?
?ÐVƒìg ÈÐPzŠ\WH
Will The farmer have been ploughing the fields since morning?
?ǃ;g @* `I~VX RÐðy‚ H
10™
[²~Š:£Zk , à· ACTIVE VOICE / IVE VOICE PERSONS OF PRONOUNS Cases
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
q ª
1
¢q
$¸ T
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Subjective
I
We
You
You
He/She/It
They
Case
~
ë
?
?
(q -Z ) {z
( {Š c* i ) {z
Objective
Me
Us
You
You
Him/Her/It
Them
Case
=
…
»
»
ÐQ
7Q
Possessive
My
Our
Your
Your
His/Her/Its
Their
Case
Mine
Ours
Yours
Yours
»k Q
Theirs
Z÷
Zg ø
Zg v
Zg v
qZÃ ª
q à B ª
G4 Ó$ q ö-G» ª
»yQ
X Vƒ@* ™s ™{(Y®~ } Xì * @YHŠpx »~ Active Voice Xì @* YHs ™Ðí{(Y® }Xì * @Yc* Z™x »~ ive Voice Objectà Subject gzZ÷D Î by ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ verb™ Îis/am/areQì * @Yc* ¯Subject » Object
¬Ðƒ X :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z X ÷ï Š ¯
I clean the blackboard.X Vƒ@ * ™s ™{(Y®~X :} The blackboard is cleaned by me.Xì * @YHs ™Ðí{(Y® Present Indefinite Tense (Simple) ive Voice
™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb ™ Î is/am/are
s
verb
Qì * @Yc* ¯Subject à Object ¬Ðƒ X :i§»ä¯
object
X ÷ïŠ ¯Object à Subject X Vƒ@* ™s ™{ (®~X :} Voice)
subject
verb
object
I clean the blackboard.
( Active
Xì * @YHs ™Ðí{(® The blackboard is cleaned by me.
~ŠÅ verb ™ Î
Present Indefinite Tense (Negative) object not™ Îis/am/areQì @ * Yc* ¯Subject S verb
(ive Voice)
» Object ¬Ðƒ X :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z
X ÷ï Š ¯Subjectà Object gzZ÷D Î by ˆÆäÎxg à X Vƒ@* ™s ™{ (®~X :} I clean the blackboard.
( Active Voice)
Xì * @YH7s ™Ðí{(®
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
The blackboard is cleaned by me. sub
11™
(ive Voice) object
Present Idefinite Tense (Interrogative) ive Voice
à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb Qì * @Yc* ¯ Subject à ObjectQ÷D Î is/am/areObject ¬Ðƒ X :i§»ä¯ X ÷ï Š ¯Object I polish the shoes.
X Vƒ@* ™×0* DŽ~X :}
Are the shoes polished by me
?÷D YG×0* ÐíDŽ H
Are the shoes not polished by me?
?D YG 7×0* ÐíDŽ H
Past Indefinite Tense (Simple) ive Voice
X ÷ïŠ ¯Object à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxgÃ~ŠÅ Verb ™ Î was/were
Qì * @Yc* ¯Subject à Object ¬Ðƒ X :i§»ä¯
Past Indefinite Tense (Negative) ive Voice
¯Object à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb ™ Î was not/ were not Qì * @Yc* ¯Subject à Object ¬Ðƒ X :i§»ä¯ X ÷ï Š Past Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) ive Voice
¯Object à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxgÃ~ŠÅ Verb Q ÷ïŠ ¯ subjectà objectQ÷D Î was/were ¬Ðƒ X :i§»ä¯ X ÷ï Š
Future Indefinite Tense (Simple) ive Voice
¯Object à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb ™ Î will be/shall be
Qì * @Yc* ¯Subject à Object ¬Ðƒ X :i§»ä¯ X ÷ï Š
Future Indefinite Tense (Negative) ive Voice
à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb ™ Îwill not be/shall not be Qì * @Yc* ¯Subject à Object ¬Ðƒ X :i§»ä¯ X ÷ï Š ¯Object Future Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) ive Voice Subject
™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb Q ÷D Î beQ÷ïŠ ¯ subjectà objectQ÷D Î will/shall ¬Ðƒ X :i§»ä¯ X ÷D Î?~y WgzZX ÷ï Š ¯Object Ã
12™
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
Direct and Indirect Narration
X : ÷M h™7Ðb§zŠt ‚Æ¿}ŠËp ÖZ ñƒ†ÐìÆ¿q -Z Ëë
Narration
X N YñŠ™yÒb§ÏZÇ!* t ‚Æ ¿}ŠËp ÖZÆ1
X1
X ñ0* äW: t Û ~x|ÆkZāñYH7b§kZÆ™w$ +zŠg¹Z hð~p ÖZÆ1
X2
~Xà Sentences, ZX ÷ë Indirect Narration Ãj§}uzŠgzZ Direct Narration Ãj§¬
ƒŒ6, p ÖZ-ZÆ1Žz{zq -ZXì YYH„~ V”zŠÔƒŠŽñ 7Z gzZ÷ë Reported Speech ÐZì @* ÐìLZ¬ÐäZC Ù zŠp ÖZ-ZÆ¿á Zz%1Žì @* ƒ{zzZuzŠgzZXì @* Y3g~ ( " VerbÆ{kZgzZ÷ë Reporting SpeechÐ ZXì @ * ƒC Ù !* Æ Inverted Commas
" ) Inverted commas
tXì @* ƒŒ6, p ÖZ ñƒá1
Xì @* YÑZ e (,) CommaˆÆp ÖZ ~y WÆReporting speech‰ Ü z˜āOgŠ c* ]!* tX ÷ë Reporting Verb à X N Yƒµ Zµ Z{VâzŠā @* {°‡»%$ +~Indirect Speechà Direct speech Reported ‰ Ü zD™sp~Indirect Speechƒ~Future Tense shall c* will say ~ Tellà say ƒc* Š ( wB ) Object
c*Present Tense¤ /Z Reporting Verb
1
ðÈÆkZ¤ /ZpX ǃ: W, Z ðÃ6, TenseÆVerbÆSpeech } X ÷s$ +~shall tell c*will tellà say
Direct speech: He says, " I am going to the post office." (present Tense) Indirect speech: He says that he is going to the post office. Direct speech: They will say, " We have done our duty." (future Tense) Indirect speech: They will say that they have done their duty.
} X ÷ïŠw$ +~toldà said ƒ~Past Tense¤ /Z Reporting Verb Direct speech: He said to me, " I sing a song."
X2
(past Tense)
Indirect speech: He told me that he sang a song.
X ÷D Îthat (ÅyZ™ Uinverted commasÆReported Speech gzZ comma~y W» Reporting speech
X3
Æ ( ¶Ã) subject ÆReporting Verbà pronouns Æ( I, we, ) First person ÆReporting Speech
X4
} X ÷ï Šw$ +._ Direct speech: He says to me, " I am ill. Indirect Speech: He tells me that he is ill.
w$ +._Æ( wB) object ÆReporting Verbà pronoun Æ(you) second person ÆReported Speech X ÷ï Š
X5
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
pronounsÆ(he , she, it, they ) Third PersonÆReported speech
X6
13™
X Cƒ7~pðÃÅnË~ Drect speech: She will say, " You are at fault." Indirect speech: She sill say that you are at fault.
ªX ÷D™sp ~Past Tense à verbsx ÓÆReported speech ƒ~Past Tense¤ /Z Reporting Verb Present Perfect
X7
Ô~Past continuous à Present Continuous ~Past Indefinite à Present Indefinite
÷ï Šw$ +~Past perfect continuous à Present Perfect continuous present ~past continuous
gzZ~Past Perfect Ã
à present continuous Ô ~past perfect à Past Indefinite {z´ÆkZ
X ÷ïŠw$ +~past perfect continuous à present perfect continuousgzZ~past perfect à perfect ï Š w$ +~past perfect continuous à past continuous gzZ~past perfect à indefinite
past
{z´ ÆkZ
} X ~would à will c* shall gzZX ÷ Direct speech: He said tome," I sang a song today." Indirect speech: He told me that he had sung a song that day. custom
c*( ðC K¬) Universal Truth ðÃ~Reported speech pƒ~Past Tense ¤ /Z Reporting Verb
X8
} Xì Lg~„ Present Tense {zªX @* ƒ7W, Z ðÃ6,tense Æverb ÆReported speech Q ƒŠŽñ( ` Zzg) Direct speech: The teacher said, " God is one." Indirect speech: The teacher said that God is one.
hither next
Xì @* Yc* Š™ »ªsv .à well gzZ all right, No, Yes
X9
X :÷CƒV´psfzgq~p ÖZá Zzä™C Ù ª(gzZ‰ Ü z
X 10
Ô ~ then à nowÔ ~ thence à hence Ô ~those à these Ô ~ that à this Ô~there à here
Ô ~ next dayà tomorrow Ô ~ that day à today Ô ~before à ago Ô ~ so à thus Ô ~ thither Ã
previous à last night
gzZ~ previous dayà yesterda Ô~ that night à tonight Ô ~ following day à day X ÷ s$ +~ night
X :Ogwì»VÂ!* sfzgq‰ Ü zD™sp~ Indirect Narrations à ( iZ c*¬) Imperative Sentences
X 11
._ÆÎâÅVzLà Reporting Verb ÆVzL, Z
(Z)
forbade, commanded, ordered requested,advised
Xì @* Yc* Šw$ +~ proposed c* X ÷f e¯ infinitive verb ÐZ™ Î To ¬Ð verb Æ Imperative Sentences
( [)
( ~VzLÆ{)z Ã Ô iZ Ô ¬) Xì 4 not to ¬Ð verb~]gßÅ Negative Sentences
(`)
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
c*proposed à Reporting Verb ÂñYHwEZnÆæ ¾ c*m, ?Ë let ¤ /Z ( Š ) Â}Š pÆiZ let ¤ /ZpXì @* YHwEZ should ˆÆ Xì @* YHwEZ permit c*
(is, are, am, was, were, will. Helping verb sentences {z
allow
14™
kZgzZXì @* Yc* Šw$ +~ suggested
ˆÆkZ™w$ +~ Requested à Reporting Verb
ËŽ ( 1)÷DƒÆnzŠ ( }LDZÎ) Interrogative sentences
X 11
( 2)Xì @* Yc* ŠB‚ÆNo c*yes[ ZŽ »yZgzZ÷DƒqzÑB‚Æshall, has,have,had may, might)
÷DƒqzÑB‚Æ How c*who, where, when, why, which, whom, whose, what ) ªÂá Zz wh ËŽ Xì @* W]å~[ ZŽÆyZgzZ X ÷s$ +~ inquired c*asked à Reporting Verb ‰ Ü z s$ +~ Indirect à Interrogative Sentences, Z Reporting ÆyZ÷Dƒq zÑÐ helping verb
}L ŽX that „:gzZì @* Yc* Î To Â:~yZ¬ÐäZ h Z commas
7wEZ that ~kZXì @* Yc* Š ¯6Òª statement Ã}LgzZì @* Yc* Î whether c*if ˆÆ object Æ verb X D™ Ã}L™w$ +Ãi§DZÎX ÷ï Šg„ (ZÂÑZz wh ‰ Ü zs$ +~ Indirect ¹Z÷DƒqzÑÐÂáZz wh}LDZÎŽ X D™7wEZ that gzZ÷sp~( 6Ò) statement
sp~ indirect Ð direct ÃVzL, ZXì @* Y¹ Exclamatory Sentences 7Zƒg Ö Z »" _ .~g ¯~X}L, Z
X 12
X :ce´gwì»VÂ!* sfzgqnÆä™ w$ +~ Exclaimed joyfully c*Exclaimed with joy à Reporting Verb ÆkZ ƒg ÖZ »ÙpËÐ}L¤ /Z
(Z)
X ,Š Î that ˆÆkZX ,Š Exclaimed
c*Exclaimed with sorrow à Reporting VerbÆkZ ƒg Ö Z »" _ .ƧËÐ}L¤ /Z ( [) X ,Š Î that ˆÆkZX ,Šw$ +~ sorrowfully X K: Ã{)z Hurrah , Alas, Oh, Aha }p ÖZá Zzä™C Ù ª]ä c*Ô § Ô /_ . (`)
ä™sp~ Indirect Ð Direct ¹ZXì @* Y¹ Optative Sentences ¹Zƒg ÖZ »é Zp c*¬Š Ë~X}L, Z
X 13
X :ce ´gwì»VÂ!* sfzgqnÆ X , Š Î that ˆÆkZgzZ ,™sp~ wished c*Prayed à Reporting Verb
(Z)
X N Î respectfully ˆÆ Reporting Verb {”spƒŠŽñ Sir ¤ /Z~ Reporting speech
X 14
X ,Šw$ +~ bade farewell à Reported Speech ƒqzÑÐ Farewell ÂReporting speech ¤ /Z
X 15
Reporting ƒq zÑÐ Good day c* Good night c* Good evening
c*Good morning ¤ /Z Reported speechX 16
+~{)zbade good night c*bade good evening c*bade good morning à speech Å bade X ÷s$ Xì @* ƒwEZ Ì
wished
(
15™
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
PERSONS OF PRONOUNS
Cases
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
q ª
1
¢q
$¸ T
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Subjective
I
We
You
You
He/She/It
They
Case
~
ë
?
?
(q -Z ) {z
( {Š c* i ){z
Objective
Me
Us
You
You
Him/Her/It
Them
Case
=
…
»
»
ÐQ
7Q
Possessive
My
Our
Your
Your
His/Her/Its
Their
Case
Mine
Ours
Yours
Yours
»k Q
Theirs
Z÷
Zg ø
Zg v
Zg v
qZÃ ª
qà B ª
G4»Ó$ q ö-G ª
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
»yQ
1™
äâ i
(TENSES)
[²~Š:£Zk , à· X ÷ë¶Ã~zŠg QgzZ Subject ~‹ZÃáZzä™x » :Subject-1 X ÷ëwB~zŠg QgzZ Object ~‹ZÃqk Qƒ;g YHx »6,qT :Object-2 Xì qâÅZ :} X ÷ë÷~zŠg QgzZ Verb ~‹ZÃx »k Qƒ;gƒx »Ž
:Verb-3
Xì Verb ÷ Write rgzZì Object wB Letter âgzZì subject ¶ÃAslam ÅZ~¿kZ X ÷Dƒ&6, gî~Š ã Cäâ i E X Ç‘â{z :}Future ( w÷ ) ÑZzäWX 3X åqâ{z :} Past ( èâ ÷) Zƒ Zg¦ / X 2 Xì qâ{z :} Present ( wq ÿL ›¢) {ŠŽñX 1é Present Indefinite Tense (Simple)
Xì @* W{)z ÷CÔƒD ÷D ÔVƒ@* Ôì CÔì @*~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q X ÷D Îxg ëŠVerbQ÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z Subject+Ist form of verb
X ÷D™†ŸZ » esc* sB‚ÆVerbƒ(Singular Noun) c* (He,She,It)Subject Zg ø¤ /Z þ:^â X* @YH7†ŸZ » esc* sB‚Æverb ÆPlural noun c* ,we,you,they, IgzZ I write a letter.X Vƒqâ~
X :}
He writes a letter.Xì qâ{z
She writes a letter.Xì —â
{z
Aslam writes a letter.Xì qâÅZ Aslam and Akram write a letter.X ÷˜âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Present Indefinite Tense (Negative) Subject+ do not / does not + Ist form of verb
X @* YH7†ŸZ » es c*s B‚ÆVerb~]gßÅäƒwEZ DoesXì @* ƒwEZ does not B‚Æ Singular Noun gzZ He,She,It X :^â X* @YHwEZ do not B‚ÆPlural noun c* ,we,you,they, IgzZ I do not write a letter.X Vƒq7â~
X :}
He does not write a letter.Xì q7â{z
She does not write a letter.Xì —7â
{z
Aslam does not write a letter.Xì q7âÅZ Aslam and Akram do not write a letter.
X ÷˜7âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Present Indefinite Tense(Interrogative) Do/Does+Subject+Ist form of verb+?
» es c*s B‚ÆVerb~]gßÅäƒwEZ DoesXì @* ƒwEZ Does ~qzÑÆ¿ B‚Æ Singular Name gzZ He,She,It X :^â ,we,you,they, IgzZX @ * YH7†ŸZ X* @YHwEZ ~qzÑÆ¿ do B‚ÆPlural noun c* Do I write a letter?
?Vƒqâ~H
Does he write a letter?
?ì qâ{zH
X :}
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
Does she write a letter?
?ì —â {zH
Does Aslam write a letter?
?ì qâÅZ H
Do Aslam and Akram write a letter?
2™
?÷˜âx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Past Indefinite Tense (Simple)
ì @* W{)zþ} Ô ~ ,³ZÔ¸D Ô‰CÔ ¶CÔ å@*~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q X ÷D Îxg Ã~uzŠ Å VerbQ÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z Subject+2nd form of verb I wrote a letter.X åqâ~
X :}
He wrote a letter.X åqâ{z
She wrote a letter.X ¶—â
{z
Aslam wrote a letter.X åqâÅZ Aslam and Akram wrote a letter.X¸˜âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Past Indefinite Tense (Negative) Subject+did not+Ist form of verb
Q Âì @* ƒwEZ did Z # ~ InterrogativegzZ Negative1ì CƒwEZxg Ã~uzŠ Â, z~Past Indefinite Tense:^â CƒwEZ~Past Indefinite Tense(Simple)sÜgzZsÜxg Ã~uzŠ~%Z¤ /‹Z ~g7OgŠ c* Xì CƒwEZxg ìŠVerb Xì @* ƒwEZ did¬Ðª q«Å VerbnÆ¿ (Negative)ÔXì I did not write a letter.X åq7â~
X :}
He did not write a letter.X åq7â{z
She did not write a letter.X ¶—7â Aslam did not write a letter.X åq7
{z
âÅZ
Aslam and Akram did not write a letter.X¸˜7âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Past Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) Did+Subject+Ist form of verb+?
X ÷˜~qzÑÆ¿Ã did~¿ (Interrogative)DZÎ Did I write a letter?
?åqâ~H
Did He write a letter?
?åqâ{zH
Did She write a letter?
?¶—â {zH
Did Aslam write a letter?
?åqâÅZ H
Did Aslam and Akram write a letter?
X :}
?¸˜âx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Future Indefinite Tense (Simple)
Xì @* W{)zÐÔ ÏÔ Ç~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q X ÷D Îxg à « Å Verb Q÷D Î shall c*will Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z Subject+will/shall+Ist form of verb
X ÷« ZwEZ » shall gzZ will Qƒ:™}Šgzi]!* /ZgzZXì @* ¤ ƒwEZ will B‚ƃ ¹!*Shall B‚Æ We gzZ ( ðW ) I X :^â I shall write a letterX ÇVâ~
X :}
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
We shall write a letter.XÐKâë
3™
He will write a letter.X Ç‘â{z She will write a letter.X Ï‘â
{z
Aslam will write a letter.X Ç‘âÅZ Aslam and Akram will write a letter.XÐKâx™ ZgzZÅZ
Future Indefinite Tense (Negative) Subject+will not/shall not+Ist form of verb I shall not write a letter.X ÇV7 â~
X :}
We shall not write a letter.XÐK7 âë He will not write a letter.X Ç‘7 She will not write a letter.X Ï‘7
â{z â {z
Aslam will not write a letter.X Ç‘7 âÅZ Aslam and Akram will not write a letter.XÐK7
âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Future Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) shall/will+Subject+Ist form of verb +? Shall I write a letter?
?ÇV â~H
Shall we write a letter?
?ÐKâëH
Will he write a letter?
?Ç‘ â{zH
Will she write a letter?
?Ï‘ â {zH
Will Aslam write a letter?
?Ç‘âÅZ H
Will Aslam and Akram write a letter?
X :}
?Ð þ Kâx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Present Continuous Tense (Simple)
Xì @* W{)z ƒìgÔ÷ìgÔVƒ „g Ôì „gÔVƒ;gÔì ;g ~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q ingQX ÷D Îxg Ã
« Å Verb Q÷D Î is/am/are Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z X ÷D Î Subject+is/am/are+Ist form of verb+ing
Xì @* Y1„~]gßÅ ¦ åà You ~%Z¤ /‹ZXì @* ƒwEZ is B‚ÆuZz areB‚Ʀ amB‚Æ ( ðW ) I X :^â I am writing a letterX Vƒ;gÉâ~
X :}
You are writing a letter.XƒìgÉâ ? He is writing a letter.Xì ;gÉâ{z Aslam is writing a letter.Xì ;gÉâÅZ Aslam and Akram are writing a letter.X ÷ìgÉ
âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Present Continuous Tense (Negative) Subject+is not/am not /are not +Ist form of verb+ing I am not writing a letterX Vƒ;gÉ
7â~
You are not writing a letter.XƒìgÉ7 He is not writing a letter.Xì ;gÉ
â?
7â{z
X :}
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
Aslam is not writing a letter.Xì ;gÉ 7âÅZ Aslam and Akram are not writing a letter.X ÷ìgÉ
4™
7âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Present Continuous Tense (Interrogative) is/am/are+Subject+Ist form of verb+ing+? Am I writing a letter?
?Vƒ;gÉ â~H ?ƒìgÉâ?H
Are you writing a letter?
?ì ;gÉâ{zH
Is he writing a letter? Is Aslam writing a letter? Are Aslam and Akram writing a letter?
X :}
?ì ;gÉâÅZ H
?÷ìgÉâx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Past Continuous Tense (Simple)
Xì @* W{)z¸ìgÔ‰„gÔ ¶„gÔ å;g ~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q ingQX ÷D Îxg Ã
« Å Verb Q÷D Î was/were Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z X ÷D Î Subject+was/were+Ist form of verb+ing
~%Z¤ /‹ZX ÷D Î wereB‚Æthey,we,you,plural Nounsª¦gzZXì @* ƒwEZ was B‚Æ he,she,it,I,singular nounªuZz X :^â Xì * @Y1„~]gßÅ ¦ åà You
I was writing a letterXå;gÉâ~
X :}
You were writing a letter.X¸ìgÉâ ? He was writing a letter.Xå;gÉâ{z Aslam was writing a letter.Xå;gÉâÅZ Aslam and Akram were writing a letter.X¸ìgÉ
âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Past Continuous Tense (Negative) Subject+was not/were not+Ist form of verb+ing I was not writing a letterX å;gÉ7â~
X :}
You were not writing a letter.X¸ìgÉ7â ? He was not writing a letter.X å;g Aslam was not writing a letter.X å;g
É7â{z
É7âÅZ
Aslam and Akram were not writing a letter.X¸ìgÉ7âx™ ZgzZÅZ Past Continuous Tense (Interrogative) was/were+Subject+Ist form of verb+ing+?
?å;gÉâ~H
Was I writing a letter? Were you writing a letter?
?¸ìgÉâ?H
Wa she writing a letter? Was Aslam writing a letter? Were Aslam and Akram writing a letter?
X :}
?å;gÉâ{zH ?å;gÉâÅZ H
?¸ìgÉ âx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Future Continuous Tense (Simple)
Xì @* W{)zÐVƒìgÔ ÏVƒ„gÔ Ïƒ„g Ô ÇVƒ;gÔ Çƒ;g ~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
will be/shall be
Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z
5™
X ÷D Î ingQX ÷D Îxg à « Å Verb Q÷D Î Subject+will be/shall be+Ist form of verb+ing
ï Š™« ZwEZ » shall gzZ will Qƒ:™}Šgzi]!* /ZgzZXì * ¤ @YHwEZ willB‚ƃ ¹!* gzZXì @* ƒwEZ shall B‚Æ wegzZ ( ðW ) I X :^â X÷ I shall be writing a letterX ÇVƒ;gÉâ~
X :}
You will be writing a letter.XÐVƒìgÉâ ? He will be writing a letter.X ǃ;gÉâ{z Aslam will be writing a letter.X ǃ;gÉâÅZ Aslam and Akram will be writing a letter.XÐVƒìgÉ
âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Future Continuous Tense (Negative) Subject+will not be/shall not be+Ist form of verb+ing I shall not be writing a letterX ÇVƒ; gÉ7 â~
X :}
You will not be writing a letter.XÐVƒìgÉ7â ? He will not be writing a letter.X ǃ;g Aslam will not be writing a letter.X ǃ;g
É7â{z
É7âÅZ
Aslam and Akram will not be writing a letter.XÐVƒìgÉ7âx™ ZgzZÅZ Future Continuous Tense (Interrogative) will/shall+Subject+ be+Ist form of verb+ing Shall I be writing a letter? Will you be writing a letter?
?ÇVƒ;gÉâ~H
?ÐVƒìgÉâ?H
Will he be writing a letter? Will Aslam be writing a letter? Will Aslam and Akram be writing a letter?
X :}
?ǃ;gÉâ{zH ?ǃ;gÉâÅZ H
?ÐVƒìgÉâx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Present Perfect Tense( Simple)
Xì @* W{)z ì} Ô÷} Ôì ~Ôì c* Ô÷` Ôì _ÔVƒ[Ôì [~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q X ÷D Îxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb Q÷D Î has/have Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z Subject+has/have+3rd form of verb
ÆyougzZ ( ðW ) IXì @* ƒwEZ haveB‚ÆThey, we,you,I,plural nouns ª ¦gzZ hasB‚Æhe,she,it,singular noun ª uZz X :^â Xì @* ƒwEZ have ÌB‚ I have written a letterX Vƒ[Éâ~ You have written a letter.Xƒ` He has written a letter.X Aslam has written a letter.X Aslam and Akram have written a letter.X ÷`
X :}
Éâ?
ì [â { z
ì [âÅZ
Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ
Present Perfect Tense( Negative) Subject+has not /have not +3rd form of verb I have not written a letterX Vƒ[É7 â~
X :}
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
Éâ?
You have not written a letter.Xƒ` 7 He has not written a letter.X
6™
ì [É 7â{z
Aslam has not written a letter.X
ì [ É7âÅZ
Aslam and Akram have not written a letter.X ÷`
É7âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Present Perfect Tense( Interrogative) has/have+Subject+3rd form of verb+?
?Vƒ[Éâ~H
Have I written a letter?
Have you written a letter?
?ƒ` Éâ?H
Has he written a letter?
? ì [Éâ{zH
Has Aslam written a letter? Have Aslam and Akram written a letter?
X :}
? ì [É âÅZ H
?÷` Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Past Perfect Tense( Simple)
Xì @* W{)z¸} Ô ¶~Ô åc* Ô¸` Ô ¶_Ô å[~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q Æ~ m, ôZ TensetX ÷D Îxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb Q÷D Î had Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z Zƒ~ˆx »ŽgzZì @* YH~Past Perfect TenseÀF, »k Q Zƒ¬x »Ž~]gß+Z ( å[%!%¬ÐäWÆËZ e )X :}Xì @* ƒwEZÌ~VÓ“ % »{kZ=Z Z%¬!%~¿áZz6, zZXì * @YH~ Past Indefinite TenseÀF, »k Q {kZ c* W~ˆËZ egzZÐ,™ Past Perfect Tense ~ÀF, The patient had died before the doctor came.XÐ,™~Past Indefinite Tense
ÀF, »
Subject+had+3rd form of verb I had written a letterXå[Éâ~ You had written a letter.X¸` He had written a letter.X
X :}
Éâ?
å [É â { z
Aslam had written a letter.X
å[É âÅZ
Aslam and Akram had written a letter.X¸`
Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ
X :BVÅVÓ“ %¼[Z The bell had rung when I reached the school.X ¶_ #pÂàwj~Z # The patient had died before the doctor came.X å[%!%¬ÐäWÆËZ e He had gone out before finished his work.X Š H`C Ù !* ¬Ðä™ »x »{z
Xì @* ƒwEZ Tense„q -ZsÜ~X÷DƒwEZ Ì¿“ %,Z¼~Tense kZ He had never seen the lion before.X 嬊7L¬èäkZX :} I had already finished my work.X å1™ »x »„¬ä~
Past Perfect Tense( Negative) Subject+had not+3rd form of verb
I had not written a letterX å[7 Éâ~ You had not written a letter.X¸ `7 He had not written a letter.X Aslam had not written a letter.X
Éâ?
å[É7 â{z
å[É7 âÅZ
X :}
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
Aslam and Akram had not written a letter.X¸`
É7 âx™ ZgzZÅZ
7™
Past Perfect Tense( Interrogative) had+Subject+3rd form of verb+? Had I written a letter ?
?å[Éâ~H
?¸ ` Éâ?H
Had you written a letter?
Had he written a lette? Had Aslam written a letter? Had Aslam and Akram written a letter?
X :}
?å[Éâ{zH
? å[ÉâÅZ H
?¸` Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Future Perfect Tense( Simple)
Xì @* W{)zÐVƒ` Ô ÏVƒ_Ô Ïƒ_Ô ÇVƒ[Ô Çƒ[~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q X ÷D Îxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb Q÷D Îwill have/shall have Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z Subject+will have/shall have+3rd form of verb
Xì @* YHwEZ will haveB‚ƃ ¹!* gzZXì @* ƒwEZ shall haveB‚Æ wegzZ ( ðW ) I X :^â I shall have written a letterX ÇVƒ[Éâ~ You will have written a letter.XЃ` He will have written a letter.X
X :}
Éâ?
ǃ[Éâ{z
Aslam will have written a letter.X
ǃ[ÉâÅZ
Aslam and Akram will have written a letter.XÐVƒ`
Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ
Future Perfect Tense( Negative) Subject+will not have/shall not have+3rd form of verb I shall not have written a letterX ÇVƒ[É7 You will not have written a letter.XЃ` He will not have written a letter.X
â~
X :}
É7â?
ǃ[É7â{z
Aslam will not have written a letter.X
ǃ[É7âÅZ
Aslam and Akram will not have written a letter.XÐVƒ`
É7âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Future Perfect Tense( Interrogative) will/shall+Subject+ have+3rd form of verb+? Shall I have written a letter?
?ÇVƒ[Éâ~H
Will you have written a letter?
?Ѓ` Éâ?H
Will he have written a letter? Will Aslam have written a letter? Will Aslam and Akram have written a letter?
? ǃ[Éâ{zH
? ǃ[ÉâÅZ H
?ÐVƒ` Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ H
X :}
8™
[²~Š:£Zk , à· ( ~g Yd $Œ Û èâ ÷) PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
»
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
]{zì @* W{)z÷„g CÔì „gCÔì ;g @* ÔVƒ„g CÔ÷ìg D ÔVƒ;g @* ~y WÆ¿ÆzŠg QT:yT
ª‰ Ü zx ¬¤ /ZgzZX ÷D™wEZ » since~¿Âƒ™f » Point of Time ª‰ Ü zm{~¿¤ /ZXì * @YHÌ™f »‰ Ü z~ Tense kZ :^âXì @* ƒ zŠÔVß ‚zŠgzZXì @* ƒwEZ sinceB‚Ɖ Ü zÔx ÷ á ðÔVß ‚ÔVâŠÆ‹ x ÓXì @* ƒwEZ for ~]gß+Z ƒwEZ » ( ƒYƒ:x¥Ž ) Period of time X ÷D™ wEZ for B‚ÆV[ R Subject+has been/Have been+Ist form of verb+ing
:i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z
Xì @* ƒwEZ have been B‚Æ Plural Noun gzZ has been B‚ÆHe,She,It, singular noun He has been playng hockey for two hours.Xì ;göÅ ;ÐV[ RzŠ {z:} He has been playng hockey for two days.Xì ;göÅ ;ÐV⊊zŠ {z You have been singing a song since 8'clock.
Xƒìg Ç ** ÇÐWJW?
â ~ I have been building this house since 1970.X Vƒ;g ¯yktÐ1970 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative) Subject+has not been/Have not been+Ist form of verb+ing He has not been playng hockey for two hours.Xì ;gö7 Å ;ÐV[ RzŠ {z:} He has not been playng hockey for two days.Xì ; gö7Å ; ÐV⊊zŠ {z
Xƒìg Ç7** ÇÐWJ W?
You have not been singing a song since 8'clock.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogtive) Has/Have+Subject+ been+Ist form of verb+ing+? Has he been playng hockey for two hours?
?ì ;göÅ ;ÐV[ RzŠ {zH :}
Has he been playng hockey for two days?
?ì ;göÅ ;ÐV⊊zŠ {zH
Have you have been singing a song since 8'clock?
?ƒìgÇ ** ÇÐWJW?H
Has Zahid been remaining absent fron school for two days? ?ì ;g
( ~g Yêèâ ÷
¢q)ÐwjÐyŠzŠ @Zi H
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Simple)
@* ƒ™f »‰ Ü zÌ~ Tense kZXì @* ƒ» Past Perfect Continuous Tense ]{zñW{)z¸ìg D Ô ¶„g CÔ å;g @* ~y WÆ¿zŠg QT:yT Xì @* ƒwEZ for B‚ÆPeriod of Time gzZ sinceB‚ÆPiont of Time Xì Subject+had been+Ist form of verb+ing
:i§»ä™ÀF,
I had been reading this book for two months.X å;g| 7 , [ ÂtÐ{â zŠ~:} He had been sleeping since morning.X å;g @ * ÎÐð{z You had been playing hockey for two hours.X¸ìgöÅ ;ÐV[ RzŠ ? We had been reading this lesson since Sunday.X¸ìg| 7 ,$tÐg Z ÂZë
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
9™
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative) Subject+had not been+Ist form of verb+ing
I had not been reading this book for two months.X å;g| 7 , 7 [ ÂtÐ{â zŠ~:} He had not been sleeping since morning.X å;g @ * Î7Ðð{z You had not been playing hockey for two hours.X¸ìgö7Å ;ÐV[ RzŠ ? We had not been reading this lesson since Sunday.X¸ìg| 7 ,7
$tÐg Z ÂZë
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogative) Had +Subject+ been+Ist form of verb+ing+?
X å;g| 7, [ ÂtÐ{â zŠ~H :}
Had I been reading this book for two months? Had He been sleeping since morning?
X å;g @* ÎÐð{zH
Had You been playing hockey for two hours?
X¸ìgöÅ ;ÐV[ RzŠ ?H
Had We been reading this lesson since Sunday?
X¸ìg| 7,$tÐg Z ÂZëH
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Simple)
@* ƒ» PAST
E ( ~g YwÿL ›¢)
PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE]{ zì @ * W{)zÏVƒ„g CÔÐVƒìg D Ô ÇVƒ;g @* Ô Ïƒ„gCX ǃ;g @* ~y WÆ¿ÆzŠg QT:yT
Xì @* ƒwEZwEZ for B‚ÆPeriod of Time gzZ sinceB‚ÆPoint of Time Ì~kZXì @* ƒ™f »‰ Ü zÌ~TensekZXì X ÷D™wEZ will have been B‚ƹ!* gzZ shall have beenB‚Æwe gzZ ( ðW ) I Subject+will have been/shall have been+Ist form of verb+ing:i§»ä¯~‹Z I shall have been reading this news for two months.X ÇVƒ;g k7 , ¸tÐ{â zŠ~:} You will have been playing since noon.XÐVƒìg ÈÐPzŠ\ W The farmer will have been ploughing the fields since morning.X ǃ;g @ * `I~VX RÐðy‚ FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative) Subject+will not have been/shall not have been+Ist form of verb+ing I shall not have been reading this news for two months.X ÇVƒ;g k7 ,7 ¸tÐ{â zŠ~:} You will not have been playing since noon.XÐVƒìg È7ÐPzŠ\ W The farmer will have not been ploughing the fields since morning.X ǃ; g @ * `7I~VX RÐðy‚
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogative) Will/Shall+Subject+ have been+Ist form of verb+ing+?
Shall I have been reading this news for two months?
?ÇVƒ;g k7, ¸tÐ{â zŠ~H :}
Will You have been playing since noon?
?ÐVƒìg ÈÐPzŠ\WH
Will The farmer have been ploughing the fields since morning?
?ǃ;g @* `I~VX RÐðy‚ H
10™
[²~Š:£Zk , à· ACTIVE VOICE / IVE VOICE PERSONS OF PRONOUNS Cases
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
q ª
1
¢q
$¸ T
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Subjective
I
We
You
You
He/She/It
They
Case
~
ë
?
?
(q -Z ) {z
( {Š c* i ) {z
Objective
Me
Us
You
You
Him/Her/It
Them
Case
=
…
»
»
ÐQ
7Q
Possessive
My
Our
Your
Your
His/Her/Its
Their
Case
Mine
Ours
Yours
Yours
»k Q
Theirs
Z÷
Zg ø
Zg v
Zg v
qZÃ ª
q à B ª
G4 Ó$ q ö-G» ª
»yQ
X Vƒ@* ™s ™{(Y®~ } Xì * @YHŠpx »~ Active Voice Xì @* YHs ™Ðí{(Y® }Xì * @Yc* Z™x »~ ive Voice Objectà Subject gzZ÷D Î by ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ verb™ Îis/am/areQì * @Yc* ¯Subject » Object
¬Ðƒ X :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z X ÷ï Š ¯
I clean the blackboard.X Vƒ@ * ™s ™{(Y®~X :} The blackboard is cleaned by me.Xì * @YHs ™Ðí{(Y® Present Indefinite Tense (Simple) ive Voice
™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb ™ Î is/am/are
s
verb
Qì * @Yc* ¯Subject à Object ¬Ðƒ X :i§»ä¯
object
X ÷ïŠ ¯Object à Subject X Vƒ@* ™s ™{ (®~X :} Voice)
subject
verb
object
I clean the blackboard.
( Active
Xì * @YHs ™Ðí{(® The blackboard is cleaned by me.
~ŠÅ verb ™ Î
Present Indefinite Tense (Negative) object not™ Îis/am/areQì @ * Yc* ¯Subject S verb
(ive Voice)
» Object ¬Ðƒ X :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z
X ÷ï Š ¯Subjectà Object gzZ÷D Î by ˆÆäÎxg à X Vƒ@* ™s ™{ (®~X :} I clean the blackboard.
( Active Voice)
Xì * @YH7s ™Ðí{(®
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
The blackboard is cleaned by me. sub
11™
(ive Voice) object
Present Idefinite Tense (Interrogative) ive Voice
à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb Qì * @Yc* ¯ Subject à ObjectQ÷D Î is/am/areObject ¬Ðƒ X :i§»ä¯ X ÷ï Š ¯Object I polish the shoes.
X Vƒ@* ™×0* DŽ~X :}
Are the shoes polished by me
?÷D YG×0* ÐíDŽ H
Are the shoes not polished by me?
?D YG 7×0* ÐíDŽ H
Past Indefinite Tense (Simple) ive Voice
X ÷ïŠ ¯Object à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxgÃ~ŠÅ Verb ™ Î was/were
Qì * @Yc* ¯Subject à Object ¬Ðƒ X :i§»ä¯
Past Indefinite Tense (Negative) ive Voice
¯Object à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb ™ Î was not/ were not Qì * @Yc* ¯Subject à Object ¬Ðƒ X :i§»ä¯ X ÷ï Š Past Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) ive Voice
¯Object à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxgÃ~ŠÅ Verb Q ÷ïŠ ¯ subjectà objectQ÷D Î was/were ¬Ðƒ X :i§»ä¯ X ÷ï Š
Future Indefinite Tense (Simple) ive Voice
¯Object à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb ™ Î will be/shall be
Qì * @Yc* ¯Subject à Object ¬Ðƒ X :i§»ä¯ X ÷ï Š
Future Indefinite Tense (Negative) ive Voice
à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb ™ Îwill not be/shall not be Qì * @Yc* ¯Subject à Object ¬Ðƒ X :i§»ä¯ X ÷ï Š ¯Object Future Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) ive Voice Subject
™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb Q ÷D Î beQ÷ïŠ ¯ subjectà objectQ÷D Î will/shall ¬Ðƒ X :i§»ä¯ X ÷D Î?~y WgzZX ÷ï Š ¯Object Ã
12™
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
Direct and Indirect Narration
X : ÷M h™7Ðb§zŠt ‚Æ¿}ŠËp ÖZ ñƒ†ÐìÆ¿q -Z Ëë
Narration
X N YñŠ™yÒb§ÏZÇ!* t ‚Æ ¿}ŠËp ÖZÆ1
X1
X ñ0* äW: t Û ~x|ÆkZāñYH7b§kZÆ™w$ +zŠg¹Z hð~p ÖZÆ1
X2
~Xà Sentences, ZX ÷ë Indirect Narration Ãj§}uzŠgzZ Direct Narration Ãj§¬
ƒŒ6, p ÖZ-ZÆ1Žz{zq -ZXì YYH„~ V”zŠÔƒŠŽñ 7Z gzZ÷ë Reported Speech ÐZì @* ÐìLZ¬ÐäZC Ù zŠp ÖZ-ZÆ¿á Zz%1Žì @* ƒ{zzZuzŠgzZXì @* Y3g~ ( " VerbÆ{kZgzZ÷ë Reporting SpeechÐ ZXì @ * ƒC Ù !* Æ Inverted Commas
" ) Inverted commas
tXì @* ƒŒ6, p ÖZ ñƒá1
Xì @* YÑZ e (,) CommaˆÆp ÖZ ~y WÆReporting speech‰ Ü z˜āOgŠ c* ]!* tX ÷ë Reporting Verb à X N Yƒµ Zµ Z{VâzŠā @* {°‡»%$ +~Indirect Speechà Direct speech Reported ‰ Ü zD™sp~Indirect Speechƒ~Future Tense shall c* will say ~ Tellà say ƒc* Š ( wB ) Object
c*Present Tense¤ /Z Reporting Verb
1
ðÈÆkZ¤ /ZpX ǃ: W, Z ðÃ6, TenseÆVerbÆSpeech } X ÷s$ +~shall tell c*will tellà say
Direct speech: He says, " I am going to the post office." (present Tense) Indirect speech: He says that he is going to the post office. Direct speech: They will say, " We have done our duty." (future Tense) Indirect speech: They will say that they have done their duty.
} X ÷ïŠw$ +~toldà said ƒ~Past Tense¤ /Z Reporting Verb Direct speech: He said to me, " I sing a song."
X2
(past Tense)
Indirect speech: He told me that he sang a song.
X ÷D Îthat (ÅyZ™ Uinverted commasÆReported Speech gzZ comma~y W» Reporting speech
X3
Æ ( ¶Ã) subject ÆReporting Verbà pronouns Æ( I, we, ) First person ÆReporting Speech
X4
} X ÷ï Šw$ +._ Direct speech: He says to me, " I am ill. Indirect Speech: He tells me that he is ill.
w$ +._Æ( wB) object ÆReporting Verbà pronoun Æ(you) second person ÆReported Speech X ÷ï Š
X5
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
pronounsÆ(he , she, it, they ) Third PersonÆReported speech
X6
13™
X Cƒ7~pðÃÅnË~ Drect speech: She will say, " You are at fault." Indirect speech: She sill say that you are at fault.
ªX ÷D™sp ~Past Tense à verbsx ÓÆReported speech ƒ~Past Tense¤ /Z Reporting Verb Present Perfect
X7
Ô~Past continuous à Present Continuous ~Past Indefinite à Present Indefinite
÷ï Šw$ +~Past perfect continuous à Present Perfect continuous present ~past continuous
gzZ~Past Perfect Ã
à present continuous Ô ~past perfect à Past Indefinite {z´ÆkZ
X ÷ïŠw$ +~past perfect continuous à present perfect continuousgzZ~past perfect à perfect ï Š w$ +~past perfect continuous à past continuous gzZ~past perfect à indefinite
past
{z´ ÆkZ
} X ~would à will c* shall gzZX ÷ Direct speech: He said tome," I sang a song today." Indirect speech: He told me that he had sung a song that day. custom
c*( ðC K¬) Universal Truth ðÃ~Reported speech pƒ~Past Tense ¤ /Z Reporting Verb
X8
} Xì Lg~„ Present Tense {zªX @* ƒ7W, Z ðÃ6,tense Æverb ÆReported speech Q ƒŠŽñ( ` Zzg) Direct speech: The teacher said, " God is one." Indirect speech: The teacher said that God is one.
hither next
Xì @* Yc* Š™ »ªsv .à well gzZ all right, No, Yes
X9
X :÷CƒV´psfzgq~p ÖZá Zzä™C Ù ª(gzZ‰ Ü z
X 10
Ô ~ then à nowÔ ~ thence à hence Ô ~those à these Ô ~ that à this Ô~there à here
Ô ~ next dayà tomorrow Ô ~ that day à today Ô ~before à ago Ô ~ so à thus Ô ~ thither Ã
previous à last night
gzZ~ previous dayà yesterda Ô~ that night à tonight Ô ~ following day à day X ÷ s$ +~ night
X :Ogwì»VÂ!* sfzgq‰ Ü zD™sp~ Indirect Narrations à ( iZ c*¬) Imperative Sentences
X 11
._ÆÎâÅVzLà Reporting Verb ÆVzL, Z
(Z)
forbade, commanded, ordered requested,advised
Xì @* Yc* Šw$ +~ proposed c* X ÷f e¯ infinitive verb ÐZ™ Î To ¬Ð verb Æ Imperative Sentences
( [)
( ~VzLÆ{)z Ã Ô iZ Ô ¬) Xì 4 not to ¬Ð verb~]gßÅ Negative Sentences
(`)
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
c*proposed à Reporting Verb ÂñYHwEZnÆæ ¾ c*m, ?Ë let ¤ /Z ( Š ) Â}Š pÆiZ let ¤ /ZpXì @* YHwEZ should ˆÆ Xì @* YHwEZ permit c*
(is, are, am, was, were, will. Helping verb sentences {z
allow
14™
kZgzZXì @* Yc* Šw$ +~ suggested
ˆÆkZ™w$ +~ Requested à Reporting Verb
ËŽ ( 1)÷DƒÆnzŠ ( }LDZÎ) Interrogative sentences
X 11
( 2)Xì @* Yc* ŠB‚ÆNo c*yes[ ZŽ »yZgzZ÷DƒqzÑB‚Æshall, has,have,had may, might)
÷DƒqzÑB‚Æ How c*who, where, when, why, which, whom, whose, what ) ªÂá Zz wh ËŽ Xì @* W]å~[ ZŽÆyZgzZ X ÷s$ +~ inquired c*asked à Reporting Verb ‰ Ü z s$ +~ Indirect à Interrogative Sentences, Z Reporting ÆyZ÷Dƒq zÑÐ helping verb
}L ŽX that „:gzZì @* Yc* Î To Â:~yZ¬ÐäZ h Z commas
7wEZ that ~kZXì @* Yc* Š ¯6Òª statement Ã}LgzZì @* Yc* Î whether c*if ˆÆ object Æ verb X D™ Ã}L™w$ +Ãi§DZÎX ÷ï Šg„ (ZÂÑZz wh ‰ Ü zs$ +~ Indirect ¹Z÷DƒqzÑÐÂáZz wh}LDZÎŽ X D™7wEZ that gzZ÷sp~( 6Ò) statement
sp~ indirect Ð direct ÃVzL, ZXì @* Y¹ Exclamatory Sentences 7Zƒg Ö Z »" _ .~g ¯~X}L, Z
X 12
X :ce´gwì»VÂ!* sfzgqnÆä™ w$ +~ Exclaimed joyfully c*Exclaimed with joy à Reporting Verb ÆkZ ƒg ÖZ »ÙpËÐ}L¤ /Z
(Z)
X ,Š Î that ˆÆkZX ,Š Exclaimed
c*Exclaimed with sorrow à Reporting VerbÆkZ ƒg Ö Z »" _ .ƧËÐ}L¤ /Z ( [) X ,Š Î that ˆÆkZX ,Šw$ +~ sorrowfully X K: Ã{)z Hurrah , Alas, Oh, Aha }p ÖZá Zzä™C Ù ª]ä c*Ô § Ô /_ . (`)
ä™sp~ Indirect Ð Direct ¹ZXì @* Y¹ Optative Sentences ¹Zƒg ÖZ »é Zp c*¬Š Ë~X}L, Z
X 13
X :ce ´gwì»VÂ!* sfzgqnÆ X , Š Î that ˆÆkZgzZ ,™sp~ wished c*Prayed à Reporting Verb
(Z)
X N Î respectfully ˆÆ Reporting Verb {”spƒŠŽñ Sir ¤ /Z~ Reporting speech
X 14
X ,Šw$ +~ bade farewell à Reported Speech ƒqzÑÐ Farewell ÂReporting speech ¤ /Z
X 15
Reporting ƒq zÑÐ Good day c* Good night c* Good evening
c*Good morning ¤ /Z Reported speechX 16
+~{)zbade good night c*bade good evening c*bade good morning à speech Å bade X ÷s$ Xì @* ƒwEZ Ì
wished
(
15™
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
PERSONS OF PRONOUNS
Cases
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
q ª
1
¢q
$¸ T
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Subjective
I
We
You
You
He/She/It
They
Case
~
ë
?
?
(q -Z ) {z
( {Š c* i ){z
Objective
Me
Us
You
You
Him/Her/It
Them
Case
=
…
»
»
ÐQ
7Q
Possessive
My
Our
Your
Your
His/Her/Its
Their
Case
Mine
Ours
Yours
Yours
»k Q
Theirs
Z÷
Zg ø
Zg v
Zg v
qZÃ ª
qà B ª
G4»Ó$ q ö-G ª
[²~Š:£Zk , à·
»yQ
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