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Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN POSTGRADUATE RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Design and numerical characterization of
PROJECT TITLE
high-performance perovskite solar cells
DEPARTMENT AND
US-Pakistan Centre for Advanced studies in Energy, UET
SPECIALIZATAION
Peshawar, Renewable Energy Engineering.
STUDENT NAME
Saddam Hussain
FATHER’S NAME
Saraf Khan
NO.
03468000579
EMAIL
[email protected]
RGISTRATION NO.
13PWELE4314
Date of Regn.
15-March-2018
RESEARCH SUPERVISOR
Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Courses Studied S. NO.
COURSE NO. AND TITLE
GRADE
1.
Research Methodology
B
2.
Applied Photovoltaics
B+
3.
Power Electronics and Machines
A-
4.
Renewable Energy Technology
_
5.
Management of Technology and Innovation
_
6.
National/Provincial Energy Policies, Supply/Demands & Planning
_
C.GPA _
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain
1. Introduction The increasing growth in population globally sets major challenges for energy production. Fossil fuels have the major fraction in global energy production which causes climate changes. To control global warming and climate changes by mitigating greenhouse gases, energy should be produced from renewable resources. Production of energy from the sun through solar cells is the best solution [1]. Photovoltaic (PV) devices are able to generate electricity from sunlight directly, and has the potentials to meet the power demand of the entire world [2]. In the market of photovoltaics, inorganic solar cells particularly silicon-based solar cells have ~93% penetration [3]. However, due to complex fabrication and expensive manufacturing, such PV technologies have solar energy harvesting of nearly 1% of the total world’s energy consumption[4]. In order to harvest the available solar energy in greater proportion, new technologies of less cost and easy solar cell fabrications must be introduced. In term of cost and processing, perovskite-based solar cells are the most auspicious and fastgrowing technology and are the best alternative for silicon and other commercial solar cells. The general formula of perovskite compounds is ABX3 and has a cubic structure[5]. Here A and B represent organic and inorganic cations, X represents anion of halides such as Cl, Br and I as indicated in figure 1. Its structure is similar to the crystalline structure of calcium titanium oxide (CaTiO3).
Figure 1:Crystal structure of Perovskite material
Organo-metallic halide perovskite has outstanding optoelectronic properties which make it a better choice for the photovoltaic application. Methylammonium lead halides(CH3NH3PbX3, X=Cl, Br, I) has bandgap ranging between 1.5eV to 2.3eV depending on organic and halide contents[6]. Due to its tunable bandgap, it covers a wide spectrum of solar radiation for harvesting energy from a
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain
long range of wavelengths. Compare to other photovoltaic constituents such as Silicon (Si), Cium telluride (CdTe), and Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) has greater optical absorption coefficient which reduces the absorber thickness up to ~300nm and lowers cost of the material[7]. As compare to organic PV materials, halide perovskites have less exciton binding energy and cause dissociation of spontaneous exciton into free electrons and holes after photon absorption[8]. Apart from this, electrons and holes in perovskite absorber have high mobility and long carrier lifetime which results the diffusion lengths to be long enough in length. So, the free charge carriers can be easily transported outside to the electrodes of solar cell and the recombination in the absorber is avoided[9]. 1.1 The research problem Although a rapid improvement in the efficiency of perovskite solar cells is observed, but still it is lagging behind the maximum theoretical value set by SQ (Shockley-Queisser) limit 31.4%. The reason for the low power conversion efficiency (PCE) is that, less carriers are collected in active layer because the window layer only es high energy photons. Also there are high recombination losses at the interface of functional layers. These issues must be addressed to enhance the PCE of the cell. 1.2 The purpose of the study The aim of this research work is to explore the optimum design of the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and understand the device operation mechanism. The influence of the absorber quality and best material combination on PSCs efficiency will be examined. I will also investigate the key factors such as the optimum thickness of the absorber layer and defect density of the interfaces that rule the device performance. 1.3 The objectives of the study The performance and operational stability of PSCs are greatly affected by the interfacial layer characteristics (conductivity, organic vs metallic, surface defect densities and energetics) and morphology (size of grain, type of the grain boundaries, film coverage etc.). My research is mainly focused on improving the interfacial characteristics and the key objectives of the study are:
To design and simulate new perovskite solar cell by incorporating interface layers to reduce recombination losses.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain
To investigate novel HTM (hole transport materials) candidate to obtain high power conversion efficiency.
To compare the proposed design with the existing one.
SECTION 2:
CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE & STATEMENT OF
SIGNIFICANCE 2.1 Contribution to Knowledge (Academic Contribution) Organo-metal halide perovskites (OMHPs) solar cells have gained intense research interest from the last decade. OMHPs efficiency increased above 22% in a very short period of research. This field has still a lot of research potentials regarding design engineering, morphology and optimum electron-hole collecting electrodes. Such PV devices are low cost and have easy processing which can be used as a portable power source and also possesses great commercial interests. This research is keen to investigate the physical properties and characteristics of the interfacial layer for performance and stability improvement.
SECTION 3:
LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Due to increasing energy demand, lessening of fossil fuel sources and global warming concerns have compelled the world over development and exploration of clean and renewable energy sources[10]. The world harnessing about 85% of its energy demand from fossil fuels which are harmful to human health and to the environment of the globe. Moreover, it is predicted that the global energy demand will be double by 2050[11]. Therefore, the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy such as wind, solar, hydro, biomass and geothermal etc. becomes a prominent requirement. From the last few decades, there has been significant interest in renewable energy sources is observed. For long-term renewable energy production, harvesting solar energy through photovoltaics (PVs) is a promising solution. Up till, besides conventional solar cells based on silicon, several new PV technologies have been explored to harness solar energy for production of electricity. These new technologies include OPVs, DSSCs, and QDSCs. New PV technology called hybrid organo-metal halide perovskite have gained much attention and gradually became popular and utmost important of all PV technologies. Any structure that is similar to the prototype
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain
of CaTiO3 is termed as perovskite. Perovskite which is so-called after Lew A. Perovski who was a Russian mineralogist, and is defined as a class of compounds by the general formula ABX3[12]. Here A is the cation which occupies the corners of the unit cell, cation B occupies the center and anion X occupies the faces of the unit cell [13]. In case of perovskite solar cells, A represents an organic cation methyl-ammonium (CH3NH3+), B represents a metal cation (Pb2+ or Sn2+) and the symbol X represents anion of any halide such as Cl-, Br- or I-[14]. These perovskite solar cells own some amazing properties which include suitable energy bandgap, better absorption and long diffusion lengths of charges[12]. Hybrid organo-metal halide perovskite has also mixed halides such as MAPbI3-xClx and MAPbI3-xBrx etc. which attracted the intense attention of researchers due to its tunable bandgap and improved performance[15]. For the first time in early 2009, Hybrid organo-metal halide perovskites were used as a light harvester in a liquid electrolyte based DSSCs. In their initials, they showed power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.13% for MAPbBr3 and 3.81% for MAPbI3 respectively[16]. Later in 2011, a PCE of 6.54% in a perovskite dot-sensitized film was achieved by Park and his colleagues[17]. But such solar cells based on perovskite were dissolved in liquid electrolyte due to which they were less stable and a rapid degradation was observed in their performance. Due to low PCE and meager stability resulted from the hole transport layer with a liquid electrolyte, the work did not gain much attention at that time. However, later in 2012 perovskite solar cells (PSCs) got a revolution by replacing liquid electrolyte with solid hole-transporting material (HTM) 2,2’,7,7’-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)9,9’-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD). They yield PCE of 9.7% under 1.5 G irradiation and showed the brilliant stability of over 500 hours. The generated electrons and holes due to photon absorption were separated by using mesoporous TiO2 ETL and HTL spiro-MeOTAD [18]. After this breakthrough, in the same year, Snaith et al. replaced the mesoporous TiO2 by insulting mesoporous Al2O3 in perovskite solar cells which yielded the PCE up to 10.9%[19]. A further jump to a PCE of 12.0% was yielded in early 2013 obtained by Gratzel et al. and Seok by using mesoporous TiO2 with MAPbI3 perovskite solar cell as a light absorber layer and hole transport layer poly-triarylamine [20]. By using the mixed halide MAPbI3-xBrx Seok et al. obtained PCE of 12.3%[21]. Later in 2013, two research groups reported a progress report in PCE above 15%[22]. First, Gratzel et al. measured a PCE of 15% by improving the morphology on the TiO2 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain
scaffold layers using sequential deposition process for fabrication of MAPbI3 film. Next, a PCE of 15.4% was reported by Snaith et al. by depositing MAPb3-xClx film via two sources thermal evaporation in a new planner heterojunction perovskite solar cell without mesoporous TiO2 scaffold layer[23]. In early 2014, Seok et al. reported improved PCE of PSCs to 16.2% by using FTO/bl-TiO2/mpTiO2/MAPbI3/PTAA/Au structure[24]. Simultaneously, Seok and Lee achieved a PCE of 16.7% in similar structure but they used the derivatives of spiro-MeOTAD as a window layer for collecting and transporting of holes[25]. Later in the same year, Gratzel and Park achieved a PCE of 17.01% using a two-step spin coating procedure for controlling the cuboid size of the MAPbI3 during their growth[26]. It was then improved to 17.9% by Seok in initial of 2014[22]. This was further boosted to 19.3% in a planer geometry by Yang et al. using an ITO-PEIT/bl-Yttrium dopedTiO2/MAPbI3-xClx/spiro-MeOTAD/Au device structure[27]. In 2015, PCE of 20.2% was achieved by
Seok
et
al.
by
fabricating
FAPbI3-based
PSCs
using
FTO-glass/bl-TiO2/mp-
TiO2/FAPbI3/PTAA/Au cell structure [28]. From the last few years PSCs have gained intense attention of researchers in the investigation of morphology and crystal optimization[29][30], the selection of materials and deposition modulation of layers[26][31][32], interface engineering and HTM modification[20][33][34] has resulted an amazing improvement in the PCEs of PSCs from less than 4 % to over 21%. As said in [35], maximum theoretical efficiency of the PSCs employing CH3NH3PbI3-xClx is 31.4%, there is enough space for development. The working principle of organo-metal halide perovskites can be described in a manner that the absorber (Perovskite layer) absorbs the incident photons of light. Due to low exciton binding energy, Perovskite absorber generates electrons and holes upon absorption of a photon in few picoseconds. The ETL and HTL extract and transport these charge carriers to electrodes of the PSCs. The PSCs device architecture is categorized as mesoscopic and planer structure. In Each structure, the perovskite absorber is inserted between electron and hole transport layers. These architectures are divided further in mesoscopic n-i-p, mesoscopic p-i-n, planer n-i-p and planer pi-n which are based on which transport layer is encountered by light first[36]. The performance of PSCs quality is determined greatly by the quality of absorber. For highperformance PV devices, better quality absorber perovskite materials with appropriate morphology, phase purity, uniformity, and crystallinity are needed[36]. The deposition approach ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain
of absorber on the substrate also greatly affect the crystallinity and quality of the PSCs. The various methods of depositions are single-step solution deposition [19], two-step solution deposition [22], two-step vapor-assisted deposition[37] and thermal vapor deposition [23]. In early 2013, the efficiencies of PSCs were improved in the range of 12 to 15% due to various deposition techniques[22][37]. Since then, due to the advancement in device engineering strategies such as solvent and processing engineering the efficiencies were further improved to 18 to 20%[38][39][40]. Hybrid OMHPs has tunable bandgap which improved the device performance over a wide range of the spectrum. The bandgap of OMHPs can be tuned between 1.5 to 2.3 eV which covers a wide range of optical spectrum by introducing mixed halides (Br and Cl)[41][6]. Mixing of halide contents has three advantages. The first is that it increases the stability of PSCs[19]. The second advantage is, it enhances the carrier transport in the absorber. The electron-hole diffusion lengths in CH3NH3Pb(I1-xClx)3 are much longer than CH3NH3PbI3[42][43]. And the bandgap tuning is another benefit of mixing halide in perovskites[44]. Although PSCs have demonstrated a substantial increase in efficiency but still some issues exist which are major reluctant in the commercialization. PSCs have not demonstrated long-term stability under high humidity, intense evaluation, and temperature. The standardized device performance is limited by the existence of J-V hysteresis. There are environmental concerns with the toxic lead content in the PSCs as well[36]. For improvement in efficiency level and long-term stability, the data available is not sufficient[45].
SECTION 4:
APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
This section throws light on various approaches and methods that will be followed during the proposed research project. The physical properties will be studied for improvement and a better understanding of the hybrid perovskite solar cells. In this research work, various organic-inorganic particularly pure and mixed organolead tri-halide perovskites with methylammonium (MA) or formamidinium (FA) as an active layer will be studied. Mesoporous and planner structure of absorber will be investigated for high efficiency and better carrier generation.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain
I will also investigate the effects of temperature, Absorber layer thickness, doping concentration variation, various hole transporting layers (HTL) on the performance of perovskite solar cell efficiency. In this research, some simulation software’s like Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS) and/or General-Purpose Photovoltaic Device Model (GPVDM) will be used for investigating the various parameters and performance of perovskite solar cell. Since our main research interest is the design of efficient solar cells, the description of light conversion in actual devices is the main electrical characterization method. For this purpose, perovskite material based solar cells will be simulated and characteristics of current-voltage (I-V) for device will be obtained. Various electrical parameters of solar cell such as short-circuit current (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF) will be measured from I-V characteristics to determine efficiency (η) of the device.
SECTION 5: BUDGET AND FEASIBILITY Expected cost of the project is 55,000 rupees (budget will be granted by USPCAS-E, UET Peshawar according to policy guidlines). a. Proposed starting date
15/01/2019
b. Expected date of completion
01/07/2019
c. Are facilities available for the work?
Yes Mostly
d. Additional facilities required give details.
No
Table 1: Itemized Expenses: (details of expenditure) Item Cost (Rs.) Books
15,000
Traveling for Conferences
20,000
Research Publication fee
20,000
Total Rs. 55,000
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain
SECTION 6:
SCHEDULE
The research plan for the proposed project is summarized in the following table 1. However, deviation in case of unexpected problems or new interesting findings and discoveries that may open up new opportunities and may lead to new directions is possible. Table 2: Timeline of the Proposed Project 2019 Activity January
February
March
May
June
August
Literature Review Analysis and Simulation Thesis Write up Submission
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain [16]
and T. M. Akihiro Kojima, Kenjiro Teshima, Yasuo Shirai, “Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible- Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells,” J Am Chem Soc, vol. 131, no. October, pp. 6050–6051, 2009.
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Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain solar cells based on similarity with inorganic thin film solar cells structure,” ICECTE 2016 - 2nd Int. Conf. Electr. Comput. Telecommun. Eng., no. December, pp. 8–10, 2017.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain
Saddam Hussain 08/11/2018 Recommendation of the Supervisor
Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Remarks:
Recommendation of the PostGraduate Advisor
Dr. Saim Saher
Remarks:
Recommendation and Signature of Project Research Evaluation Committee (PREC):
Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Remarks:
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Dr. Saim Saher
Approval by Chairman
Dr. Sohail Zaki Faroqi Department of Renewable Energy Engineering (REE)
Remarks:
Recommendation of Secretary
Prof. Dr. Rizwan Gul
BOASAR
Recommendation of the Dean Faculty
Prof. Dr. M. A. Irfan
Prof. Dr. Iftikhar Hussain
Approval by the Vice Chancellor
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN POSTGRADUATE RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Design and numerical characterization of
PROJECT TITLE
high-performance perovskite solar cells
DEPARTMENT AND
US-Pakistan Centre for Advanced studies in Energy, UET
SPECIALIZATAION
Peshawar, Renewable Energy Engineering.
STUDENT NAME
Saddam Hussain
FATHER’S NAME
Saraf Khan
NO.
03468000579
[email protected]
RGISTRATION NO.
13PWELE4314
Date of Regn.
15-March-2018
RESEARCH SUPERVISOR
Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Courses Studied S. NO.
COURSE NO. AND TITLE
GRADE
1.
Research Methodology
B
2.
Applied Photovoltaics
B+
3.
Power Electronics and Machines
A-
4.
Renewable Energy Technology
_
5.
Management of Technology and Innovation
_
6.
National/Provincial Energy Policies, Supply/Demands & Planning
_
C.GPA _
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain
1. Introduction The increasing growth in population globally sets major challenges for energy production. Fossil fuels have the major fraction in global energy production which causes climate changes. To control global warming and climate changes by mitigating greenhouse gases, energy should be produced from renewable resources. Production of energy from the sun through solar cells is the best solution [1]. Photovoltaic (PV) devices are able to generate electricity from sunlight directly, and has the potentials to meet the power demand of the entire world [2]. In the market of photovoltaics, inorganic solar cells particularly silicon-based solar cells have ~93% penetration [3]. However, due to complex fabrication and expensive manufacturing, such PV technologies have solar energy harvesting of nearly 1% of the total world’s energy consumption[4]. In order to harvest the available solar energy in greater proportion, new technologies of less cost and easy solar cell fabrications must be introduced. In term of cost and processing, perovskite-based solar cells are the most auspicious and fastgrowing technology and are the best alternative for silicon and other commercial solar cells. The general formula of perovskite compounds is ABX3 and has a cubic structure[5]. Here A and B represent organic and inorganic cations, X represents anion of halides such as Cl, Br and I as indicated in figure 1. Its structure is similar to the crystalline structure of calcium titanium oxide (CaTiO3).
Figure 1:Crystal structure of Perovskite material
Organo-metallic halide perovskite has outstanding optoelectronic properties which make it a better choice for the photovoltaic application. Methylammonium lead halides(CH3NH3PbX3, X=Cl, Br, I) has bandgap ranging between 1.5eV to 2.3eV depending on organic and halide contents[6]. Due to its tunable bandgap, it covers a wide spectrum of solar radiation for harvesting energy from a
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain
long range of wavelengths. Compare to other photovoltaic constituents such as Silicon (Si), Cium telluride (CdTe), and Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) has greater optical absorption coefficient which reduces the absorber thickness up to ~300nm and lowers cost of the material[7]. As compare to organic PV materials, halide perovskites have less exciton binding energy and cause dissociation of spontaneous exciton into free electrons and holes after photon absorption[8]. Apart from this, electrons and holes in perovskite absorber have high mobility and long carrier lifetime which results the diffusion lengths to be long enough in length. So, the free charge carriers can be easily transported outside to the electrodes of solar cell and the recombination in the absorber is avoided[9]. 1.1 The research problem Although a rapid improvement in the efficiency of perovskite solar cells is observed, but still it is lagging behind the maximum theoretical value set by SQ (Shockley-Queisser) limit 31.4%. The reason for the low power conversion efficiency (PCE) is that, less carriers are collected in active layer because the window layer only es high energy photons. Also there are high recombination losses at the interface of functional layers. These issues must be addressed to enhance the PCE of the cell. 1.2 The purpose of the study The aim of this research work is to explore the optimum design of the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and understand the device operation mechanism. The influence of the absorber quality and best material combination on PSCs efficiency will be examined. I will also investigate the key factors such as the optimum thickness of the absorber layer and defect density of the interfaces that rule the device performance. 1.3 The objectives of the study The performance and operational stability of PSCs are greatly affected by the interfacial layer characteristics (conductivity, organic vs metallic, surface defect densities and energetics) and morphology (size of grain, type of the grain boundaries, film coverage etc.). My research is mainly focused on improving the interfacial characteristics and the key objectives of the study are:
To design and simulate new perovskite solar cell by incorporating interface layers to reduce recombination losses.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain
To investigate novel HTM (hole transport materials) candidate to obtain high power conversion efficiency.
To compare the proposed design with the existing one.
SECTION 2:
CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE & STATEMENT OF
SIGNIFICANCE 2.1 Contribution to Knowledge (Academic Contribution) Organo-metal halide perovskites (OMHPs) solar cells have gained intense research interest from the last decade. OMHPs efficiency increased above 22% in a very short period of research. This field has still a lot of research potentials regarding design engineering, morphology and optimum electron-hole collecting electrodes. Such PV devices are low cost and have easy processing which can be used as a portable power source and also possesses great commercial interests. This research is keen to investigate the physical properties and characteristics of the interfacial layer for performance and stability improvement.
SECTION 3:
LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Due to increasing energy demand, lessening of fossil fuel sources and global warming concerns have compelled the world over development and exploration of clean and renewable energy sources[10]. The world harnessing about 85% of its energy demand from fossil fuels which are harmful to human health and to the environment of the globe. Moreover, it is predicted that the global energy demand will be double by 2050[11]. Therefore, the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy such as wind, solar, hydro, biomass and geothermal etc. becomes a prominent requirement. From the last few decades, there has been significant interest in renewable energy sources is observed. For long-term renewable energy production, harvesting solar energy through photovoltaics (PVs) is a promising solution. Up till, besides conventional solar cells based on silicon, several new PV technologies have been explored to harness solar energy for production of electricity. These new technologies include OPVs, DSSCs, and QDSCs. New PV technology called hybrid organo-metal halide perovskite have gained much attention and gradually became popular and utmost important of all PV technologies. Any structure that is similar to the prototype
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain
of CaTiO3 is termed as perovskite. Perovskite which is so-called after Lew A. Perovski who was a Russian mineralogist, and is defined as a class of compounds by the general formula ABX3[12]. Here A is the cation which occupies the corners of the unit cell, cation B occupies the center and anion X occupies the faces of the unit cell [13]. In case of perovskite solar cells, A represents an organic cation methyl-ammonium (CH3NH3+), B represents a metal cation (Pb2+ or Sn2+) and the symbol X represents anion of any halide such as Cl-, Br- or I-[14]. These perovskite solar cells own some amazing properties which include suitable energy bandgap, better absorption and long diffusion lengths of charges[12]. Hybrid organo-metal halide perovskite has also mixed halides such as MAPbI3-xClx and MAPbI3-xBrx etc. which attracted the intense attention of researchers due to its tunable bandgap and improved performance[15]. For the first time in early 2009, Hybrid organo-metal halide perovskites were used as a light harvester in a liquid electrolyte based DSSCs. In their initials, they showed power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.13% for MAPbBr3 and 3.81% for MAPbI3 respectively[16]. Later in 2011, a PCE of 6.54% in a perovskite dot-sensitized film was achieved by Park and his colleagues[17]. But such solar cells based on perovskite were dissolved in liquid electrolyte due to which they were less stable and a rapid degradation was observed in their performance. Due to low PCE and meager stability resulted from the hole transport layer with a liquid electrolyte, the work did not gain much attention at that time. However, later in 2012 perovskite solar cells (PSCs) got a revolution by replacing liquid electrolyte with solid hole-transporting material (HTM) 2,2’,7,7’-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)9,9’-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD). They yield PCE of 9.7% under 1.5 G irradiation and showed the brilliant stability of over 500 hours. The generated electrons and holes due to photon absorption were separated by using mesoporous TiO2 ETL and HTL spiro-MeOTAD [18]. After this breakthrough, in the same year, Snaith et al. replaced the mesoporous TiO2 by insulting mesoporous Al2O3 in perovskite solar cells which yielded the PCE up to 10.9%[19]. A further jump to a PCE of 12.0% was yielded in early 2013 obtained by Gratzel et al. and Seok by using mesoporous TiO2 with MAPbI3 perovskite solar cell as a light absorber layer and hole transport layer poly-triarylamine [20]. By using the mixed halide MAPbI3-xBrx Seok et al. obtained PCE of 12.3%[21]. Later in 2013, two research groups reported a progress report in PCE above 15%[22]. First, Gratzel et al. measured a PCE of 15% by improving the morphology on the TiO2 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain
scaffold layers using sequential deposition process for fabrication of MAPbI3 film. Next, a PCE of 15.4% was reported by Snaith et al. by depositing MAPb3-xClx film via two sources thermal evaporation in a new planner heterojunction perovskite solar cell without mesoporous TiO2 scaffold layer[23]. In early 2014, Seok et al. reported improved PCE of PSCs to 16.2% by using FTO/bl-TiO2/mpTiO2/MAPbI3/PTAA/Au structure[24]. Simultaneously, Seok and Lee achieved a PCE of 16.7% in similar structure but they used the derivatives of spiro-MeOTAD as a window layer for collecting and transporting of holes[25]. Later in the same year, Gratzel and Park achieved a PCE of 17.01% using a two-step spin coating procedure for controlling the cuboid size of the MAPbI3 during their growth[26]. It was then improved to 17.9% by Seok in initial of 2014[22]. This was further boosted to 19.3% in a planer geometry by Yang et al. using an ITO-PEIT/bl-Yttrium dopedTiO2/MAPbI3-xClx/spiro-MeOTAD/Au device structure[27]. In 2015, PCE of 20.2% was achieved by
Seok
et
al.
by
fabricating
FAPbI3-based
PSCs
using
FTO-glass/bl-TiO2/mp-
TiO2/FAPbI3/PTAA/Au cell structure [28]. From the last few years PSCs have gained intense attention of researchers in the investigation of morphology and crystal optimization[29][30], the selection of materials and deposition modulation of layers[26][31][32], interface engineering and HTM modification[20][33][34] has resulted an amazing improvement in the PCEs of PSCs from less than 4 % to over 21%. As said in [35], maximum theoretical efficiency of the PSCs employing CH3NH3PbI3-xClx is 31.4%, there is enough space for development. The working principle of organo-metal halide perovskites can be described in a manner that the absorber (Perovskite layer) absorbs the incident photons of light. Due to low exciton binding energy, Perovskite absorber generates electrons and holes upon absorption of a photon in few picoseconds. The ETL and HTL extract and transport these charge carriers to electrodes of the PSCs. The PSCs device architecture is categorized as mesoscopic and planer structure. In Each structure, the perovskite absorber is inserted between electron and hole transport layers. These architectures are divided further in mesoscopic n-i-p, mesoscopic p-i-n, planer n-i-p and planer pi-n which are based on which transport layer is encountered by light first[36]. The performance of PSCs quality is determined greatly by the quality of absorber. For highperformance PV devices, better quality absorber perovskite materials with appropriate morphology, phase purity, uniformity, and crystallinity are needed[36]. The deposition approach ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain
of absorber on the substrate also greatly affect the crystallinity and quality of the PSCs. The various methods of depositions are single-step solution deposition [19], two-step solution deposition [22], two-step vapor-assisted deposition[37] and thermal vapor deposition [23]. In early 2013, the efficiencies of PSCs were improved in the range of 12 to 15% due to various deposition techniques[22][37]. Since then, due to the advancement in device engineering strategies such as solvent and processing engineering the efficiencies were further improved to 18 to 20%[38][39][40]. Hybrid OMHPs has tunable bandgap which improved the device performance over a wide range of the spectrum. The bandgap of OMHPs can be tuned between 1.5 to 2.3 eV which covers a wide range of optical spectrum by introducing mixed halides (Br and Cl)[41][6]. Mixing of halide contents has three advantages. The first is that it increases the stability of PSCs[19]. The second advantage is, it enhances the carrier transport in the absorber. The electron-hole diffusion lengths in CH3NH3Pb(I1-xClx)3 are much longer than CH3NH3PbI3[42][43]. And the bandgap tuning is another benefit of mixing halide in perovskites[44]. Although PSCs have demonstrated a substantial increase in efficiency but still some issues exist which are major reluctant in the commercialization. PSCs have not demonstrated long-term stability under high humidity, intense evaluation, and temperature. The standardized device performance is limited by the existence of J-V hysteresis. There are environmental concerns with the toxic lead content in the PSCs as well[36]. For improvement in efficiency level and long-term stability, the data available is not sufficient[45].
SECTION 4:
APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
This section throws light on various approaches and methods that will be followed during the proposed research project. The physical properties will be studied for improvement and a better understanding of the hybrid perovskite solar cells. In this research work, various organic-inorganic particularly pure and mixed organolead tri-halide perovskites with methylammonium (MA) or formamidinium (FA) as an active layer will be studied. Mesoporous and planner structure of absorber will be investigated for high efficiency and better carrier generation.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain
I will also investigate the effects of temperature, Absorber layer thickness, doping concentration variation, various hole transporting layers (HTL) on the performance of perovskite solar cell efficiency. In this research, some simulation software’s like Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS) and/or General-Purpose Photovoltaic Device Model (GPVDM) will be used for investigating the various parameters and performance of perovskite solar cell. Since our main research interest is the design of efficient solar cells, the description of light conversion in actual devices is the main electrical characterization method. For this purpose, perovskite material based solar cells will be simulated and characteristics of current-voltage (I-V) for device will be obtained. Various electrical parameters of solar cell such as short-circuit current (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF) will be measured from I-V characteristics to determine efficiency (η) of the device.
SECTION 5: BUDGET AND FEASIBILITY Expected cost of the project is 55,000 rupees (budget will be granted by USPCAS-E, UET Peshawar according to policy guidlines). a. Proposed starting date
15/01/2019
b. Expected date of completion
01/07/2019
c. Are facilities available for the work?
Yes Mostly
d. Additional facilities required give details.
No
Table 1: Itemized Expenses: (details of expenditure) Item Cost (Rs.) Books
15,000
Traveling for Conferences
20,000
Research Publication fee
20,000
Total Rs. 55,000
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain
SECTION 6:
SCHEDULE
The research plan for the proposed project is summarized in the following table 1. However, deviation in case of unexpected problems or new interesting findings and discoveries that may open up new opportunities and may lead to new directions is possible. Table 2: Timeline of the Proposed Project 2019 Activity January
February
March
May
June
August
Literature Review Analysis and Simulation Thesis Write up Submission
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain
References [1]
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain [16]
and T. M. Akihiro Kojima, Kenjiro Teshima, Yasuo Shirai, “Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible- Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells,” J Am Chem Soc, vol. 131, no. October, pp. 6050–6051, 2009.
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M. Liu, M. B. Johnston, and H. J. Snaith, “Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition,” Nature, vol. 501, no. 7467, pp. 395–398, 2013.
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain [31]
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain solar cells based on similarity with inorganic thin film solar cells structure,” ICECTE 2016 - 2nd Int. Conf. Electr. Comput. Telecommun. Eng., no. December, pp. 8–10, 2017.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Design and Numerical Characterization of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells-Saddam Hussain
Saddam Hussain 08/11/2018 Recommendation of the Supervisor
Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Remarks:
Recommendation of the PostGraduate Advisor
Dr. Saim Saher
Remarks:
Recommendation and Signature of Project Research Evaluation Committee (PREC):
Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Remarks:
Dr. Muhammad Noman
Dr. Saim Saher
Approval by Chairman
Dr. Sohail Zaki Faroqi Department of Renewable Energy Engineering (REE)
Remarks:
Recommendation of Secretary
Prof. Dr. Rizwan Gul
BOASAR
Recommendation of the Dean Faculty
Prof. Dr. M. A. Irfan
Prof. Dr. Iftikhar Hussain
Approval by the Vice Chancellor
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adnan Daud Khan
Dr. Saim Saher
Dr. Muhammad Noman
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